The Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC) under the National Wildlife Action Plan (2002-2016) recommended that state governments classify land within 10 km of the boundaries of national parks and wildlife sanctuaries as eco-fragile zones or Eco-Sensitive Zones (ESZs). This is in line with the Environmental (Protection) Act, 1986. However, the application of the 10-km rule can vary based on factors such as ecological significance. Areas beyond 10 km can also be identified by the Union government as ESZs, especially if they serve as “sensitive corridors” that have high ecological value.
Activities in and around ESZs
Activities in these eco-sensitive zones are categorised into Prohibited, Regulated, and Permitted. Prohibited activities include commercial mining, saw mills, industries causing pollution, major hydroelectric projects, and commercial use of wood. Regulated activities encompass felling of trees, establishment of hotels and resorts, commercial use of natural water, drastic changes to agricultural systems, and road widening. Lastly, permitted activities include ongoing agricultural or horticultural practices, rainwater harvesting, organic farming, use of renewable energy sources, and adoption of green technology.
The Importance of ESZs
ESZs play a critical role in reducing the impact of urbanisation and other developmental activities, ensuring in-situ conservation of endangered species, curbing forest depletion and man-animal conflict, and mitigating the negative impact on fragile ecosystems. For instance, ESZs aid in the conservation of the One-horned Rhino in its natural habitat within Kaziranga National Park, Assam.
Challenges Facing ESZs
Climate change has brought about extensive land, water, and ecological stress on ESZs. For example, the Kaziranga National Park and its wildlife have been greatly impacted by recurrent forest fires and floods in Assam. Moreover, the implementation of The Environmental Protection Act 1986 and the Wildlife Protection Act 1972 sometimes results in authorities overlooking the rights of forest communities, thereby affecting their lives and livelihoods. There are also instances where the rights of gram sabhas for developmental clearances have been diluted.
Engaging Communities in the Management of ESZs
To address these challenges, it is crucial to involve local communities in the decision-making process for managing ESZs. This can be achieved by forming community-based organisations that are responsible for the protection and management of ESZ resources. Gram sabhas should also be empowered to make decisions regarding developmental projects.
Supporting Alternate Livelihoods
Providing alternative livelihood options for local communities who rely on ESZ resources is another significant step. Financial support and training programs for alternate occupations such as eco-tourism, horticulture, and sustainable agriculture can prove beneficial.
Promoting Eco Restoration
Afforestation, reforestation of degraded forests, and regeneration of lost habitats are vital for promoting ecological restoration. Additionally, measures to reduce climate change impacts such as promoting carbon footprints and educating the public are needed.
To conclude, while ESZs face numerous challenges, with proper management and community involvement, they can serve as indispensable tools for environmental protection and conservation.
Last Modified: February 19, 2024