Urbanisation is the movement of people from rural areas to urban areas. This shift has been occurring for centuries but has accelerated in recent decades. Urbanisation is a key demographic trend identified by the United Nations, alongside population growth, ageing, and international migration.
Types of Urban Settlements
Urban settlements can be classified into two main types – planned and unplanned.
- Planned Settlements: These are developed by government agencies or housing societies. They follow officially approved plans that consider physical, social, and economic factors. The goal is to create sustainable environments with adequate infrastructure.
- Unplanned Settlements: These arise without legal approval. They often consist of permanent, semi-permanent, or temporary structures. Commonly found near city drains or on agricultural land, these areas can be disordered and lack basic services.
Global Trends in Urbanisation
Urbanisation has seen growth globally. According to the Asian Development Bank:
- In 1950, the urban population was 751 million, accounting for 30% of the world’s population.
- By 2018, this number surged to 4.2 billion, representing 55% of the global population.
- Projections suggest that by 2030, 60% of the population will live in urban areas, increasing to 68% by 2050.
Urbanisation in India
India has experienced steady urbanisation. The 2011 Census reported:
- Urbanisation increased from 27.7% in 2001 to 31.1% in 2011.
- This represents 377.1 million people, with an annual growth rate of 2.76%.
Maharashtra leads in urban population, with 50.8 million residents, followed by Uttar Pradesh and Tamil Nadu.
Driving Forces Behind Urbanisation
Several factors contribute to urbanisation:
- Trade and Industry: Cities attract labour and stimulate infrastructure development.
- Economic Opportunities: Urban areas offer more job options compared to rural settings.
- Education: Cities provide better educational facilities, drawing individuals seeking improvement.
- Better Lifestyle: Urban areas offer more services like hospitals, libraries, and social activities.
- Migration: Many migrants settle in unplanned colonies due to high living costs in formal areas.
Informal Settlements in India
Urbanisation has led to a rise in informal settlements. These areas often lack basic amenities such as clean water and sanitation. Slums and unauthorised colonies are common in cities.
Urban Governance in India
India has established various institutions for urban governance:
- Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs (MoHUA): This central body formulates national policies and oversees urban development schemes.
- State Departments of Urban Development: These implement central policies and develop state-specific regulations.
- Municipal Corporations/Municipalities: Responsible for local planning, development control, and service delivery.
- Urban Development Authorities (UDAs): Special agencies focused on specific urban areas or projects.
Legal Framework for Urban Development
Urban governance in India is supported by constitutional and legal frameworks:
- Articles 243Q and 243W: These empower local governments for urban planning and development.
- 74th Constitutional Amendment Act, 1992: This act granted constitutional status to urban local bodies and added Part IX-A to the Constitution.
- 12th Schedule: This schedule outlines the powers and responsibilities of municipalities.
Challenges of Urbanisation
Urbanisation presents various challenges:
- Overcrowding: Increased population density can strain infrastructure and services.
- Poverty: Many migrants settle in informal areas, leading to poverty and inadequate living conditions.
- Environmental Degradation: Urban expansion can lead to pollution and loss of green spaces.
- Transport Issues: Traffic congestion is common in rapidly urbanising areas.
Urban Planning Strategies
Effective urban planning is essential for sustainable development. Strategies include:
- Integrated Planning: Combining land use, transport, and infrastructure planning.
- Public Participation: Involving citizens in the planning process to address their needs.
- Smart City Initiatives: Implementing technology to improve urban services and infrastructure.
- Affordable Housing Policies: Developing housing schemes to accommodate low-income populations.
Future of Urbanisation
The future of urbanisation is likely to be shaped by various trends:
- Technological Advancements: Smart technologies will enhance urban living.
- Climate Change Adaptation: Urban areas will need to adapt to climate-related challenges.
- Decentralisation: Growth of smaller towns may reduce pressure on major cities.
- Focus on Sustainability: Emphasis on green spaces and eco-friendly practices will grow.
Urbanisation and Health
Urbanisation impacts public health in several ways:
- Access to Healthcare: Urban areas typically have better healthcare facilities.
- Health Risks: High population density can lead to the spread of diseases.
- Mental Health: Urban living can contribute to stress and mental health issues.
Urbanisation and Cultural Dynamics
Urbanisation influences culture and social dynamics:
- Cultural Diversity: Cities attract people from various backgrounds, enhancing cultural exchange.
- Social Inequality: Urban areas can highlight disparities in wealth and access to services.
- Community Engagement: Urban settings often encourage community initiatives and social movements.
