The mid-19th century marked a significant period in European diplomatic history, particularly concerning the Ottoman Empire’s status and its relations with other great powers. The agreements and concessions made during this time had lasting impacts on the political landscape of Europe and the Middle East.
Recognition of Turkish Sovereignty
In a move that acknowledged the sovereignty of the Ottoman Empire, the international community agreed that no external power should interfere with the relationship between the Sultan and his Christian subjects. This recognition was a crucial step in affirming Turkey’s territorial integrity and political independence. It signaled a shift in European politics where Turkey was now considered part of the European state system, reflecting its newfound status among the Great Powers.
Neutralization of the Black Sea
An essential component of the agreements was the neutralization of the Black Sea. This decision meant that while the Black Sea’s waters and ports were accessible to merchant ships from all nations, foreign warships were prohibited during times of peace. This arrangement sought to reduce naval tensions and potential conflicts in the region, particularly between Turkey and Russia, who had historically contested control over the Black Sea.
Territorial Concessions and Settlements
Both Turkey and Russia were obliged to make territorial concessions to stabilize the region. Russia ceded a portion of Bessarabia, which then became part of Moldavia, while the principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia retained their privileges and immunities. The Sultan of Turkey committed to granting these territories a considerable degree of independence and self-government, which would be overseen by a special commission of powers. Similarly, Serbia, another Danubian principality, was to enjoy rights under the collective guarantee of the powers. These measures aimed to prevent further disintegration of the Ottoman Empire by providing a degree of autonomy to its constituent regions.
Maintenance of the Balance of Power
The settlement of 1856 was primarily focused on addressing the tensions that had led to the first general war in four decades. The relationships between the Turkish government and its subjects, between Russia and Turkey, the control of the Straits and the Danube, and the restoration of the Concert of Europe were all critical issues addressed in the settlement. By tackling these points of contention, the powers involved hoped to restore and maintain the balance of power within Europe and prevent future conflicts.
Questions for UPSC
1. How did the neutralization of the Black Sea reflect the international community’s efforts to maintain peace and stability in the region?
2. In what ways did the territorial concessions and settlements of the 1856 agreement aim to preserve the integrity of the Ottoman Empire?
3. What were the broader implications of Turkey’s acceptance into the ‘Public Law and System (Concert) of Europe’ for the balance of power in Europe?