Page-55 of Archives: May, 2026

The Human Development Report (HDR) is an annual global milestone publication that shifted the global developmental discourse from an exclusive focus on national income (GDP) to a human-centric...

The India Development Report (IDR) is a premier, academically independent publication that evaluates the macroeconomic and structural health of the Indian economy. Unlike mandatory government files, the IDR...

The Union Budget of India, constitutionally designated as the Annual Financial Statement under Article 112, is the prime instrument of fiscal policy in the Indian Economy. Presented annually...

The Economic Survey of India is the flagship annual document released by the Ministry of Finance, Government of India. It provides a comprehensive, 360-degree analysis of the performance...

While the First Generation Reforms (1991–2000) focused heavily on macroeconomic stabilization, deregulation of product markets, and outward trade liberalization, they left factor markets and institutional structures largely untouched....

The structural adjustment program initiated via the New Economic Policy (NEP) of 1991 shifted India from an inward-looking command economy toward a market-linked, globally integrated framework. This structural...

While India’s 1991 economic reforms successfully liberalized product markets through the dismantling of the Industrial Licensing Raj, the structural transformation of factor markets—specifically land and labor—remained incomplete. This...

Tax reforms form a critical component of the structural adjustment program under the Indian Economic Reforms and Liberalization framework. Prior to the 1991 New Economic Policy (NEP), the...

The financial sector reforms in India were an integral component of the Structural Adjustment Programme launched in 1991. Prior to these reforms, the Indian financial system was characterized...

Trade liberalization in India was triggered by the severe Balance of Payments (BoP) crisis of 1991. Prior to these reforms, India pursued an inward-looking, autarkic economic model centered...