The global race to deploy fifth-generation (5G) wireless technologies and the unforeseen repercussions it might have for commercial aviation is currently a trending topic. Recently, the US Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) voiced concerns about 5G potentially causing interference with sensitive navigation equipment such as altimeters, which could result in significant disruptions. As a result of these threats, airlines worldwide are adjusting their schedules for flights to the US.
Understanding 5G Technology
5G represents the fifth generation of mobile networks, following its predecessors – 1G, 2G, 3G, and 4G. This novel wireless standard aims to unify virtually everyone and everything, including machines, objects, and devices. Tests indicate that the internet speeds on the high-band spectrum of 5G can reach up to 20 Gbps (gigabits per second), markedly faster than the maximum internet data speed recorded on 4G at 1 Gbps. In India, Satcom Industry Association-India has expressed apprehension over the Government’s plan to include Millimetre Wave bands in the upcoming 5G spectrum auction.
Challenges Presented by 5G Frequency
To maximize the benefits of 5G, operators need access to higher frequencies as higher the frequency, faster is the service. The newly auctioned C band 5G service, occupying a frequency band between 3.7 and 4.2 GHz, which was previously used for satellite radio, stands to increase traffic considerably. The FAA warns, however, that this frequency risks interfering with altimeters (devices measuring airplane altitude) operating in the range of 4.2-4.4 GHz.
The Impact on Altimeters and Airline Safety
Altimeters play a crucial role in ensuring airline safety particularly in automated landings and detecting wind shear. Interferences caused by the C band 5G frequency could potentially hamper the functionality of altimeters. This could result in a substantial number of aircraft being grounded, creating havoc for flights within the United States and possibly stranding thousands of Americans overseas.
Voices from the Telecom Industry
Telecom companies argue that around 40 other countries have deployed C band 5G without any issues of interference with aviation. To mitigate risks, telecom companies have agreed to implement buffer zones around approximately 50 US airports, similar to those established in France, for six months.
Proposed Solutions
In the short term, telecom companies have agreed to defer activating some wireless towers near key airports to prevent major flight disruptions. For a longer-term solution, the FAA must allow the vast majority of the US commercial airplane fleet to perform low-visibility landings at many airports where 5G C-band will be deployed. This entails certifying altimeters to operate near 5G base stations, thereby ensuring the harmonious coexistence of 5G technology and airline operations.
