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UPSC Prelims Question Bank
Unit 1. Introduction to Geography and Geographers
Introduction to Geography
Systematic and Regional Approach in Geography
Ancient Geographers
Medieval Geographers
Modern Geographers
Evolution of Geographical Thought
Unit 2. Astronomy
Observable Universe and Its Limits
Structure of the Universe
Theories on the Origin of the Universe
Past, Present, and Future of Universe
Cosmic Inflation
Dark Matter
Dark Energy
Expansion of the Universe and Redshift
Fundamentals of Space-Time
Galaxies and Their Types
Structure and Evolution of Galaxies
Active Galactic Nucleus (AGN)
Black Holes
Milky Way Galaxy
Neighbors of Milky Way Galaxy
Stars: Nature & Properties
Formation of Stars and Stellar Evolution
Structure of Stars
Factors Influencing Evolution of Stars
Nova and Supernova
Neutron Stars
X Ray Star
Types of black Holes
Binary Star
Interstellar Medium
Nebula
Cosmic Rays
Group, Clusters and Superclusters of Galaxies
Solar System (Formation and Basics)
Sun
Planets
Mercury
Venus
Mars
Jupiter
Saturn
Uranus
Neptune
Asteroids
Comets
Meteorite & Meteors
Kuiper Belt & its Objects
Plutionos
Earth Basics (Formation & Evolution)
Detection of Black Holes
Structure of Black Holes
Number and Properties of Black Holes
Wormholes
Cosmic Strings
Dwarf Galaxies
Movement of Earth within Milky Way Galaxy
View of Milky Way From Earth
Andromeda Galaxy
Radio Galaxies
Large/Small Magellanic Clouds
Types of Nebulae
Quasars
Asterism
Closest Stars to Earth
Sun’s Future as A Red Giant
Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB)
Composition of Universe
Size and Composition of Solar System
Structure of Sun
Mass and Composition of Sun
Rotation of Sun
Planetary Rings
Terrestrial Planets/Inner Planets
Gas Giants/Outer Planets
Ice Caps of Mars
Martian Meteoroid ALH84001 of Mars
Possibility of Life on Mars
The Great Red Spot of Jupiter
The Rings of Jupiter
The Moons of Jupiter
Effect of Jupiter on Life of Earth
Protection of Inner Solar System by Jupiter
The Ring System of Saturn
The Moons of Saturn
Asteroids Belt
Important Galaxies
Comet Shoemaker-Levy 9
Sources of Meteors & Meteorites
Types of Meteorites
Meteor Showers
Sources of Cosmic Rays
Unit 3. Geology
Lithosphere
Rocks
Volcanoes
Faulting
Earthquakes
Geology
Longitudes
Radius and Circumference of Earth
Structure of Earth
Earth’s Crust
Conrad Discontinuity
Earth’s Mantle (Composition, Sections)
Convective Material Circulation of Earth’s Mantle
Earth’s Core (Formation, Compositions, Sections)
Discovery of Earth’s Core
Density of Various Earth’s Layers
Earth’s Magnetic Field (Formation and Basics)
Protection of Earth’s Lives by Magnetic Field
Reversal of Earth’s Magnetic Fields
Intensity Gradient of the Geomagnetic Field
Magnetic Dip
Geomagnetic Equator
Equatorial Electrojet
Earth’s Magnetosphere (Basics, Structure)
Magnetopause, Magnetotail & Geomagnetic Poles
Van Allen Belts
Magnetospheric Storms
Plate Tectonics (Introduction)
Wegener’s Continental Drift Hypothesis
Movement of Plate Tectonics
Seafloor Spreading
Subduction
Faulting
Faulting verses Folding
The Lithospheric Plates System
Plate Boundaries (Basics)
Convergent Plate Boundaries
Divergent Plate Boundaries
Earthquakes
Types of Earthquakes
Foreshocks, Mainshocks, Aftershocks
Hypocenter & Epicenter
Mechanism of Tectonic Earthquakes
Earthquake Belts
Magnitude and Earthquake’s Intensity
Ritcher Scale
Moment Magnitude Scale
Shindo Scale
Medvedev-S-K Scale
Seismic Waves (Basics and Types)
How Seismic Waves Define Earth’s Interiors?
Seismic Waves Determining Epicenter
The Shadow Zone of Earthquake
Liquefaction: Impact of Earthquake
Unit 4. Geomorphology
Rivers and Lakes
Lakes
Landforms
Plains
Landforms of Second Order
External forces of Weathering
Landforms made by rivers
Alluvial Cones and Alluvial Fans
Landforms made by Glaciers
Landforms Made By Wind
Landforms Made By Sea Waves
Land Reliefs (Introduction and Basics)
Geological Province (Introduction and Basics)
Continental Shield
Orogens and Introduction to Orogeny
Types of Mountains (Volcanic, Folded, Fault-Block, Upwarped Mountains)
Different Stages of Orogeny
Plateaus
Formation of Plateaus
Types of Plateaus
Importance of Plateaus
Landforms (Meaning, Basics, Classification)
Aeolian Landform (Types, Formation and More)
Fluvial Landforms (Formation, Agents & More)
Erosional Landforms (Formation, Types, Features & More)
Coastal and Oceanic Landforms (Types, Features, Examples etc)
Formation of Coastal Landforms
Volcanic Landforms (Formation & More)
Mountain and Glacier Landform (Types, Formation & More)
Slope Landforms (Formation, Features & More)
Rocks & Minerals (Formation & Basics)
Igneous Rocks (Types, Sources and Examples)
Sedimentary Rocks (Types, Sources and Examples)
Metamorphic Rocks (Types, Sources and Examples)
Limestone
Types of Limestones
Distribution of Limestone
Other Sedimentary Rocks
Exogenic Forces Affecting Landforms
Endogenic Forces Affecting Land Forms/Formation
Weathering
Types of Weathering
Physical Weathering
Biological Weathering: Detailed
Chemical Weathering
Mass Wasting
Types of Mass Wasting
Induced Mass Wasting
Erosion
Unit 5. Climatology and Meteorology
Temperature Anomaly or Thermal Anomaly
Distance of the Earth from the Sun
Inversion of Temperature
Atmospheric Pressure and Winds
Seasonal Distribution of Pressure
The Westerlies
Local Winds
Monsoon Winds
Jet Stream
Wind direction and Wind Velocity
Cyclones
Atmospheric Moisture
Clouds
Rainfall
Dry Climates
Climate
Structure of the Atmosphere
Blizzard
Earth Atmosphere (Introduction)
Composition of Atmosphere
Troposphere & Tropopause
Stratosphere & Stratopause
Mesosphere & Mesopause
Ionosphere/Thermosphere
Concept of Aurora
Exosphere
Atmosphere and Insolation
Effect of Atmosphere on Solar Radiation
Radiation as a Method of Heat Transfer
Convection as a Source of Heat Transfer
Conduction as a Source of Heat Transfer
Advection as a Source of Heat Transfer
Latent Heat of Condensation
Earth’s Albedo
Earth Energy Budget
Distribution of Temperature (Introduction)
The Three Broad Temperature Zones
Patterns of Global Isotherms
Daily Variation of Temperature
Annual Temperature Range
Atmospheric Pressure (Introduction and Basics)
Pressure Belts of Earth
Creation of Pressure Belt
Intertropical Convergence Zone (Doldrums)
Subtropical High/Horse Latitude
North & South Belt Regions
Global Winds
Trade Winds
Westerlies (Detailed)
Polar Easterlies
Local Winds (Introduction & Features)
Local Winds Near Mountains
List of Major Local Winds
Monsoon Mechanism (Traditional View)
Monsoon Mechanism (Modern View)
Rainfall (Introduction & Basics)
Cooling (Adiabatic, Convectional, Radiational & Evaporative)
Convectional Rainfall
Cyclonic/Frontal Rainfall
Orographic Rainfall
Distribution of Rainfall
Air Mass
Impact of Airmass Movement on Weather & Winds
Fronts
Frontogenesis & Frontolysis
Types of Fronts (Cold, Warm, Occluded)
Formation of Cyclones
Difference between Tropical and Extra-Tropical Cyclone
Tropical Cyclone
Types of Tropical Cyclones (Tropical Depression, Storm & Cyclone)
Impact of Tropical Cyclone over Land & Cold Water
Project Stormfury
Naming of Cyclones
Anti-Cyclones
Temperate Cyclones
Tornado
Formation of Tornado
Detection of Tornado
What is Fujita Scale?
What is Torro Scale?
Infrasonic Signature of Tornadoes
Electromagnetic Spectrum and Tornadoes
Unit 6. Hydrology
Hydrology & Hydrosphere
Hydrological Cycle (Concept and Components)
Water Budget and Water Balance
Distribution of Water on Earth
Global Water Resources
Residence Time of Water
Types of Water (Blue, Green, Grey Water)
Precipitation (Forms and Measurement)
Global Distribution of Rainfall
Infiltration and Soil Water
Soil Moisture and Soil Water Movement
Runoff (Concept)
Drainage Basin
Groundwater: Occurrence and Distribution
Types of Aquifers
Aquiclude, Aquitard, Aquifuge
Water Table and Groundwater Levels
Groundwater Flow
Recharge and Discharge of Groundwater
Springs
Lakes (Formation and Types)
Lake Water Balance
Eutrophication of Lakes
Unit 7. Oceanography
The Pacific Ocean
The Atlantic Ocean
The Indian Ocean
Ocean Waves
Currents of the Pacific Ocean
Currents of the Atlantic Ocean
Currents of the Indian Ocean
Effects of Ocean Currents
Elnino, La Nina and Southern Oscillation
Tides (Introduction)
Stages of Tides
Spring Tides and Neap Tides
Apogean Tides and Perigean Tides
Daily Frequency of Tides
Duration & Frequency of Daily Tides
Impact on Tides if there was NO Moon?
The Tides which are NOT Tides (Storm, Rip, Tsunami Tides)
Important Terms Related to Tides
Tidal Ports (Prevention of River Freezing and Siltation)
Do Tides Affect Earth’s Magnetic Field?
Why are there NO High and Low Tides at Equator?
Use of Tides in Navigation
Use of Tides in Fishing
Oceanography (Introduction)
Ocean Relief & its Basic Features
Some Major Points in Oceans of the World
Types of Ocean Relief (Detailed)
Lagoons
Coral Reefs and Important Observations on it
Beach
Ocean/Marine Sediments
Types of Marine Sediments
Neritic and Pelagic Deposits
Resources from Ocean Sediments
Ocean Temperature
Trend in Ocean Temperature
Measurement of Temperature
Layers of Temperature in Tropics
Daily Range of Temperature
Annual Range of Temperature
Distribution Pattern of Temperature
Nature of Ocean Temperature from Latitudes to Equator
Types of Temperature Distribution (Horizontal and Vertical)
Salinity of Ocean Water (Introduction)
Factors Affecting Salinity of Water
Horizontal Distribution of Salinity of Water
Vertical Distribution of Salinity of Water
Ocean Currents
Origin of Ocean Currents
Difference Between Ocean Drifts, Currents and Streams
Warm and Cold Currents
Surface and Deep Currents
Important Currents of Atlantic Ocean
Relationship Between Ocean Currents and Global Surface Wind System
Indian Ocean Currents
Coriolis Force and its Effects on Ocean Currents
Impact of Temperature on Ocean Currents
Impact of Salinity on Ocean Currents
Impact of Air Pressure and Winds on Ocean Currents
Unit 8. Glaciology
Landforms made by Glaciers
Unit 9. Pedology
Soil
Soil Taxonomy or Classification
Soils
Soil Degradation
Soil Conservation
Nature of Soil
What is Soil Made Of?
Humus
Soil Texture
Sandy Soil (Type of soil)
Clayey Soil (Soil Type)
Loamy Soil (Soil Type)
Silt Soil (Soil Type)
Soil pH
Increasing & Decreasing Soil pH
The Problem of Alkaline Soil and its Gypsum Treatment
Soil Air & Its Importance
Soil Fertility
Soil Horizon (O, A, B, C & R Horizons)
Soil Taxonomy
Types of Soil Taxonomy
Unit 10. Population Geography
Distribution of Population
World Population’Growth and Distribution
Population Structure
Population Problems of Developing Countries
Population Problems of Developed Countries
Migration
Consequences of Migration
Literacy
Religious Composition
Sex Ratio
Urbanization and Suburbanization
Unit 11. Settlement Geography
Settlement Geography: Definition, Scope and Importance
Types of Settlements
Factors Influencing Settlement Location
Rural Settlements: Types and Patterns
Factors affecting rural settlements
Rural house types & patterns
Urban Settlements: Types and Patterns
Classification of towns
Urban Theories & Models
Land use patterns in cities
Urban Expansion: Urban fringe & suburbs
Satellite towns
Urbanization and Suburbanization
Counter-urbanization
Urban sprawl
Unit 12. Economic Geography
Economic Geography
Natural Resources
Pastoralism
Agriculture
Various Forms of Agriculture
Rail Network in the World
Commercial Crops
Major Crops
Plantation Crops
Fruits, Vegetable and Spices
Mineral Resources
Important Minerals of the World
Conventional Sources of Energy
Non-Conventional Sources of Energy
Manufacturing’Industries
Engineering Industries
Factory Farming
Livestock
Dairy Sector, Poultry farming and Fishing
Iron and Steel Industry
Metals Smelting
Industrial Machinery
Railway Equipment
Different Industries
Drugs, Pharmaceutical and Forest Based Industries
Transport and Communications
Factors Affecting Railways
National Highways
Distribution of Railways
Unit 13. Regional Geography - Asia
Countries of Asia
Plate Tectonics and Volcanism of Asia
Deserts of Asia
Climate Regions of Asia
Monsoon System of Asia
Natural Vegetation of Asia
Soil Types of Asia
Glaciers of Asia
Water Resources of Asia
Major Population Clusters of Asia
Major Cities of Asia
Agricultural Regions of Asia
Mineral Resources of Asia
Energy Resources of Asia
Industrial Regions of Asia
Unit 14. Regional Geography - Africa
Countries of Africa
Plate Tectonics and Rift Valley System of Africa
Deserts of Africa
Climate Regions of Africa
Natural Vegetation of Africa
Soil Types of Africa
Water Resources of Africa
Major Population Clusters of Africa
Major Cities of Africa
Agricultural Regions of Africa
Mineral Resources of Africa
Energy Resources of Africa
Industrial Regions of Africa
Unit 15. Regional Geography - Europe
Countries of Europe
Plate Tectonics of Europe
Climate Regions of Europe
Natural Vegetation of Europe
Soil Types of Europe
Glaciers of Europe
Water Resources of Europe
Major Population Clusters of Europe
Major Cities of Europe
Agricultural Regions of Europe
Mineral Resources of Europe
Energy Resources of Europe
Industrial Regions of Europe
Unit 16. Regional Geography - North America
Countries of North America
Plate Tectonics of North America
Deserts of North America
Climate Regions of North America
Natural Vegetation of North America
Soil Types of North America
Glaciers & Ice Sheets of North America
Water Resources of North America
Major Population Clusters of North America
Major Cities of North America
Agricultural Regions of North America
Mineral Resources of North America
Energy Resources of North America
Industrial Regions of North America
Unit 17. Regional Geography - South America
Countries of South America
Plate Tectonics of South America
Deserts of South America
Climate Regions of South America
Natural Vegetation of South America
Soil Types of South America
Glaciers of South America
Water Resources of South America
Major Population Clusters of South America
Major Cities of South America
Agricultural Regions of South America
Mineral Resources of South America
Energy Resources of South America
Industrial Regions of South America
Unit 18. Regional Geography - Australia & Oceania
Countries of Australia & Oceania
Plate Tectonics of Australia & Oceania
Deserts of Australia
Climate Regions of Australia & Oceania
Natural Vegetation of Australia & Oceania
Soil Types of Australia & Oceania
Glaciers of Oceania
Water Resources of Australia & Oceania
Major Population Clusters of Australia & Oceania
Major Cities of Australia & Oceania
Agricultural Regions of Australia
Mineral Resources of Australia
Energy Resources of Australia
Industrial Regions of Australia
Unit 19. Regional Geography - Antarctica
Physiographic Divisions of Antarctica
Climate of Antarctica
Ice Sheets and Glaciers of Antarctica
Natural Environment of Antarctica
Water Bodies of Antarctica
Resources of Antarctica
Scientific Stations in Antarctica
Unit 20. Regional Geography - Arctic
Countries/Regions of the Arctic
Climate of the Arctic
Ice Sheets and Sea Ice of the Arctic
Natural Vegetation of the Arctic (Tundra)
Soil Types of the Arctic (Permafrost)
Water Bodies of the Arctic
Population and Settlements in the Arctic
Resources of the Arctic
Energy Resources of the Arctic
World & Physical Geography for UPSC Prelims
World and physical geography notes, concepts and facts for UPSC Prelims revision.
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