A recent study by scientists from Agharkar Research Institute (ARI), Pune has discovered 62 new desiccation-tolerant vascular (DT) plant species in India’s Western Ghats. These unique plants have the potential for applications in both agriculture and conservation due to their astounding ability to survive harsh conditions. The research carried out by ARI, an autonomous institute of the Department of Science and Technology (DST), significantly enhances our understanding as previously only nine species of this kind were known to inhabit these regions.
What are DT Plants?
DT plants can withstand extreme dehydration, losing up to 95% of their water content. Dehydration in plants occurs when the plant loses more water than it absorbs. These plants are most commonly found on tropical rock outcrops and can quickly regenerate when water supplies are restored.
A Glimpse Inside the Habitat and Population of DT Plants
Globally, the population of such species falls between 300 and 1,500. Out of the 62 newly discovered species, 16 are native to India and remarkably, 12 are found exclusively on the Western Ghats outcrops. The study reveals that these plants inhabit both tropical and temperate regions and show exceptional adaptability to thrive at higher temperatures – a crucial characteristic considering the ongoing global warming.
Hydration, Desiccation Resistance, and Their Habitats
Two notable survival mechanisms in plants thriving in harsh environments include hydration tolerance, where plant tissues can withstand over 30% water content and desiccation resistance. Desiccation tolerant plants in India are mainly found on forest rock outcrops and partially shaded tree trunks, residing comfortably on ferricretes and basaltic plateaus. Notably, species like Glyphochloa goaensis, Glyphochloa ratnagirica and Glyphochloa santapaui exist solely on ferricretes.
Morphological Characteristics of DT Species
Numerous DT species exhibit fascinating colour changes and morphological traits. Some species, such as Tripogon, change colours from greyish in dry conditions to green when hydrated. Another plant, Oropetium thomaeum, witnesses a leaf cloud transformation from green to dark purple or orange during the hydrated phase, and from brownish to ash in the desiccation phase. In DT ferns, fronds display unique features like curling towards the costa, exposing spores at the onset of the dry season and brief dry spells.
Significance of DT Plants in Agriculture and Conservation
Desiccation-resistant vascular plants bring immense agricultural benefits, particularly in arid regions with scarce water resources. The genes in these plants could be engineered to develop crop varieties that can withstand high temperatures, thereby boosting climate resilience and ensuring mass food security. Thus, recognizing the potential of the desiccation-tolerant plants could prove vital for future agriculture and conservation efforts.
