S-400 Air Defence System

Tensions between India and Pakistan have surged following recent military operations. India conducted precision strikes on terrorist sites in Pakistan and Pakistan-occupied Kashmir. This escalation included aerial attacks from both nations. India successfully thwarted Pakistan’s drone and missile attempts. India’s military capabilities have advanced, brought into light by the acquisition of the S-400 air defence system, known in India as Sudarshan Chakra.

What is the S-400 Sudarshan Chakra?

The S-400 is a sophisticated long-range surface-to-air missile system. Developed by Russia’s Almaz Central Design Bureau, it ranks among the world’s most advanced air defence systems. It can detect, track, and engage a wide array of aerial threats such as drones, stealth aircraft, cruise missiles, and ballistic missiles. Each S-400 squadron comprises two batteries, each with six launchers, a command-and-control system, surveillance radar, and engagement radar. Each battery can support up to 128 missiles.

India’s Acquisition of the S-400

India signed a substantial deal worth ₹35,000 crore (approximately $5.4 billion) with Russia in 2018. The agreement includes five squadrons of the S-400 system. Currently, three squadrons are operational, with the remaining two expected to be delivered by 2026. This acquisition enhances India’s aerial defence capabilities.

Operational Capabilities of the S-400

The S-400 can engage aerial threats at distances of up to 400 km and altitudes of 30 km. It employs four types of missiles to address different threat ranges –

• Short-range – up to 40 km
• Medium-range – up to 120 km
• Long-range – up to 250 km
• Very long-range – up to 400 km

The system can track 160 targets and simultaneously engage 72. Its phased array radars and electronic warfare countermeasures enhance its effectiveness in contested environments.

Performance in Military Exercises

In previous Indian Air Force exercises, the S-400 demonstrated remarkable effectiveness. Reports indicate that it neutralised 80% of a simulated enemy aircraft package. This performance puts stress on its strategic importance in India’s defence framework.

Global Operators of the S-400 System

Russia remains the primary operator of the S-400 system. China was the first foreign buyer, signing a deal in 2014. Turkiye purchased the system in 2017, causing tension with NATO allies. Algeria has also acquired the S-400, although details are limited. Belarus received units from Russia, some operated by Russian personnel. The system was deployed in Syria but not operated by the Syrian military.

Geopolitical Implications

The acquisition of the S-400 has geopolitical implications. It alters the balance of power in South Asia. Additionally, it raises concerns among India’s adversaries and affects regional security dynamics.

Questions for UPSC:

1. Discuss the impact of advanced military technology on modern warfare strategies.
2. Critically examine the implications of India’s S-400 acquisition on its relations with Pakistan and China.
3. Explain the role of air defence systems in national security. Provide suitable examples.
4. What are the strategic challenges faced by nations acquiring advanced military technology? Discuss in the light of international relations.

Answer Hints:

1. Discuss the impact of advanced military technology on modern warfare strategies.

1. Advanced military technology enhances precision and effectiveness in combat operations.
2. It enables real-time data analysis and decision-making, improving situational awareness.
3. Technologies like drones and missile systems shift the focus from traditional troop deployments to remote warfare.
4. Cyber warfare and electronic warfare capabilities are increasingly integrated into military strategies.
5. Modern warfare strategies now emphasize deterrence and rapid response due to advanced capabilities.

2. Critically examine the implications of India’s S-400 acquisition on its relations with Pakistan and China.

1. The S-400 enhances India’s air defence capabilities, altering the military balance in South Asia.
2. Pakistan perceives the acquisition as a direct threat, potentially escalating tensions and arms races.
3. China’s strategic calculations may also shift, prompting it to enhance its own military capabilities.
4. The acquisition could lead to increased military cooperation between Pakistan and China.
5. India’s S-400 deal may influence its diplomatic relations with other nations, particularly in the context of regional security.

3. Explain the role of air defence systems in national security. Provide suitable examples.

1. Air defence systems protect national airspace from aerial threats, including missiles and aircraft.
2. They are crucial for safeguarding critical infrastructure and military installations.
3. Examples include the S-400 in India, Patriot missile systems in the USA, and Iron Dome in Israel.
4. Effective air defence can deter aggression and provide strategic advantages in conflicts.
5. Modern air defence systems integrate advanced radar and missile technologies for enhanced protection.

4. What are the strategic challenges faced by nations acquiring advanced military technology? Discuss in the light of international relations.

1. Acquiring advanced military technology can strain relations with neighboring countries, leading to arms races.
2. Dependence on foreign suppliers for technology may create vulnerabilities in national security.
3. Integration of new systems into existing military frameworks can pose operational challenges.
4. International sanctions or diplomatic repercussions may arise from the acquisition of controversial technologies.
5. Balancing modernization with budget constraints and public opinion presents additional strategic dilemmas.