Advances in Poultry Farming and AMR Awareness

Poultry farming has evolved , especially in India, where it transformed into a robust industry post-1970. The growth in poultry production has made chicken and eggs vital protein sources. However, concerns regarding health risks from harmful substances in poultry farming persist. Simultaneously, the global health crisis of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) demands urgent attention, with health experts calling for a 10% reduction in AMR-related fatalities by 2030.

Evolution of Poultry Farming in India

Poultry farming began as a small-scale operation by agricultural farmers. They built poultry sheds and sourced chicks from hatcheries. The introduction of grandparent stocks from the West brought advanced technologies. Infrastructure was low-cost, and productivity increased due to better management practices. However, reliance on antibiotics for disease control became problematic, leading to a shift towards prevention.

Modern Disease Management Strategies

Farmers are now adopting various disease prevention measures. Automatic watering systems have replaced open troughs to reduce contamination. Feed processing has improved, ensuring bacteria are eliminated before reaching birds. Vaccination and biosecurity are prioritised to prevent viral infections, which often lead to secondary bacterial infections. The industry is increasingly moving towards a “No Antibiotics Ever” model.

Advancements in Poultry Production

Genetic selection has improved poultry productivity. Hen egg production has increased, and broilers reach market weight faster. Strict biosecurity measures ensure disease-free breeding stocks. Clean hatcheries follow rigorous hygiene standards. The All-In-All-Out rearing system allows for bacterial load reduction before introducing new flocks.

Global Health Concerns – Antimicrobial Resistance

AMR is a pressing global health issue. The overuse of antibiotics has led to resistant strains of bacteria. This situation complicates standard treatments, resulting in severe health consequences. Recent estimates suggest that antibiotic-resistant infections could result in millions of deaths by 2050.

Efforts to Combat AMR

The 2024 UN High-Level Meeting on AMR brought into light the need for a One Health approach. Key strategies include strengthening AMR surveillance and supporting low- and middle-income countries in implementing National Action Plans. The AMR Secure Initiative aims to enhance access to essential antibiotics and promote responsible usage.

Importance of Diagnostics in AMR Management

Diagnostics play a critical role in managing AMR. They enable accurate infection identification and resistance pattern monitoring. Experts advocate for affordable diagnostic tests, especially in resource-limited settings. Strengthening laboratory networks is essential for effective AMR combat strategies.

Recognition of Innovative Approaches

The AMR Industry Alliance Stewardship Prize was awarded to M.P. Shah Hospital in Kenya for its innovative approach to AMR stewardship. Their project focuses on diagnostic monitoring and feedback, successfully reducing inappropriate antibiotic use.

Questions for UPSC:

1. Critically analyse the impact of genetic advancements on poultry production efficiency.
2. Estimate the potential consequences of antimicrobial resistance on global public health.
3. Point out the key strategies discussed at the 2024 UN High-Level Meeting on Antimicrobial Resistance.
4. With suitable examples, discuss the role of diagnostics in combating antimicrobial resistance.

Answer Hints:

1. Critically analyse the impact of genetic advancements on poultry production efficiency.

1. Genetic selection has increased hen egg production, from 260 to 325 eggs annually.
2. Broilers now reach market weight faster, saving nearly a day each year.
3. Improved breeding stock ensures disease-free chicks, preventing transmission of diseases like Mycoplasma and Salmonella.
4. Enhanced genetic traits lead to better feed conversion ratios and overall productivity.
5. These advancements contribute to lower production costs and increased profitability for farmers.

2. Estimate the potential consequences of antimicrobial resistance on global public health.

1. AMR could lead to over 39 million deaths by 2050 due to ineffective standard treatments.
2. Increased mortality rates and prolonged hospital stays from resistant infections strain healthcare systems.
3. Common procedures may become riskier without effective antibiotics, impacting surgical outcomes.
4. AMR complicates treatment for chronic diseases and increases healthcare costs globally.
5. Public health efforts may be diverted towards managing AMR, affecting other health initiatives.

3. Point out the key strategies discussed at the 2024 UN High-Level Meeting on Antimicrobial Resistance.

1. Strengthening AMR surveillance across all sectors to monitor resistance patterns effectively.
2. Supporting low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) in implementing and financing National Action Plans.
3. Encouraging research and development of novel antimicrobials and alternatives to combat AMR.
4. Promoting responsible use of antibiotics through public-private partnerships and stewardship programs.
5. Expanding access to essential antibiotics while ensuring equitable distribution and use.

4. With suitable examples, discuss the role of diagnostics in combating antimicrobial resistance.

1. Diagnostics enable accurate identification of infections, ensuring appropriate antibiotic prescriptions.
2. Laboratory testing helps monitor resistance patterns, informing treatment protocols and policies.
3. Affordable diagnostic tests can be utilized at the point of care, especially in resource-limited settings.
4. Examples include rapid tests for detecting resistant strains, aiding in timely treatment decisions.
5. Strengthening laboratory networks enhances data sharing and collaboration in AMR research and management.