How Mechanisation Transforms Agriculture

The agricultural sector in India is undergoing transformation through mechanisation. This shift is driven by the need for efficiency, increased productivity, and the rising costs of labour. Tractors have replaced traditional bullocks for various farming tasks. The tractor market in India is thriving, with sales reaching approximately 9 lakh units annually. This growth reflects the increasing reliance on technology in agriculture.

The Role of Tractors

Tractors are essential for modern farming. They provide a powerful alternative to bullocks, which generate about 1 horsepower. In contrast, tractors typically offer 41-50 horsepower. This increased power allows farmers to handle heavier implements and perform multiple tasks efficiently. Tractors can be used for ploughing, harrowing, cultivating, and transporting goods.

Growth of Farm Machinery Market

The farm machinery market in India is expanding rapidly. It is growing at twice the rate of tractor sales. The market for rotavators alone is valued at Rs 2,000 crore, with leading brands like Tirth Agro and Mahindra & Mahindra dominating. The overall market for farm machinery, excluding tractors, is estimated at over Rs 10,000 crore, indicating potential for future growth.

Types of Farm Machinery

Farm machinery includes various implements such as tillage tools, sprayers, and harvesters. Self-propelled harvesters and rice transplanters are becoming increasingly popular due to labour shortages. The self-propelled harvester market is worth Rs 2,000 crore, with major players like Kartar Agro Industries leading the way. These machines enhance efficiency by performing multiple tasks in a single pass.

Mechanisation Benefits

Mechanisation offers numerous benefits. It reduces the time needed for tasks such as harvesting and transplanting. For instance, a combine harvester can harvest an acre of wheat in just 25-30 minutes, compared to several hours of manual labour. This efficiency translates into cost savings for farmers and increases their income potential.

Custom Hiring Models

Custom hiring is emerging as a sustainable solution for agricultural mechanisation. Farmers can rent machinery instead of purchasing it, making it more affordable. This model allows small farmers to access modern equipment without the financial burden. The success of this approach is evident in the experiences of farmers like Raju Solanki, who profitably operates a combine harvester on multiple farms.

Future of Agricultural Mechanisation

The future of agricultural mechanisation in India looks promising. With the government’s support and the increasing demand for efficient farming practices, the sector is poised for further growth. The expansion of manufacturing facilities, like those of Mahindra & Mahindra, indicates a commitment to meeting the needs of modern agriculture.

Questions for UPSC:

1. Discuss the impact of agricultural mechanisation on rural employment in India.
2. Critically examine the role of government policies in promoting farm mechanisation.
3. Explain the significance of custom hiring in enhancing access to agricultural machinery.
4. With suitable examples, discuss the challenges faced by small farmers in adopting modern farming technologies.

Answer Hints:

1. Discuss the impact of agricultural mechanisation on rural employment in India.

1. Mechanisation reduces the demand for manual labor, leading to job losses in traditional farming roles.
2. However, it creates new job opportunities in machinery operation, maintenance, and servicing sectors.
3. Farm mechanisation can lead to increased productivity, which may result in higher income for remaining workers.
4. Rural migration may increase as laborers seek jobs in urban areas due to reduced agricultural employment.
5. Overall, the impact is mixed, with potential for both job displacement and new employment avenues.

2. Critically examine the role of government policies in promoting farm mechanisation.

1. Government subsidies for purchasing machinery can lower financial barriers for farmers.
2. Policy initiatives like the Agriculture Infrastructure Fund support the establishment of mechanisation facilities.
3. Training programs can educate farmers on the use and maintenance of modern machinery.
4. However, inconsistent policy implementation can hinder effective adoption of mechanisation.
5. Overall, government policies play important role but require consistency and comprehensive support to be fully effective.

3. Explain the significance of custom hiring in enhancing access to agricultural machinery.

1. Custom hiring allows farmers to use modern machinery without the high costs of ownership.
2. This model promotes access to advanced technology for small and marginal farmers.
3. It encourages efficient resource utilization, as farmers can share machinery during peak seasons.
4. Custom hiring reduces financial risk and increases the potential for profit through service provision.
5. Overall, it democratizes access to agricultural technology and enhances productivity.

4. With suitable examples, discuss the challenges faced by small farmers in adopting modern farming technologies.

1. High initial costs of machinery can be prohibitive for small farmers with limited capital.
2. Lack of access to credit and financing options can prevent investment in modern technology.
3. Small farmers may lack technical knowledge or training to effectively use new machinery.
4. Market fluctuations and uncertain crop yields can discourage investment in technology.
5. Examples include farmers like Raju Solanki, who manage to adopt technology but face financial and operational challenges.