Amur Tiger Subpopulation Faces Genetic Diversity Crisis

The Amur tiger, also known as the Siberian tiger, faces a critical situation in the Russian Far East. Despite a rise in their numbers, the genetic diversity of a key subpopulation remains alarmingly low. Recent research published in Nature marks the need for ecological corridors to connect isolated populations. This is vital for effective conservation strategies and ongoing monitoring.

Current Status of the Amur Tiger

The Amur tiger once roamed widely across Northeast China, Far Eastern Russia, and the Korean Peninsula. Due to extensive hunting and habitat destruction, their numbers plummeted. The last wild Amur tiger in South Korea was recorded in 1921. Today, around 750 Amur tigers exist, primarily in the Russian Far East, increase from fewer than 40 in the 1940s.

Geographical Challenges

The habitat of the Amur tiger is divided into two main areas – the Sikhote-Alin landscape and Southwest Primorye. The Sikhote-Alin region is home to 90% of Russia’s tiger population. In contrast, Southwest Primorye, covering about 5,400 square kilometres, houses only 9% of the remaining tigers. An anthropogenic corridor separates these two habitats, posing a barrier to tiger movement and genetic exchange.

Genetic Diversity Concerns

The low genetic diversity in the Southwest Primorye population is concerning. This isolated group, currently estimated at 58 individuals, is at risk of inbreeding and genetic decline. Genetic monitoring is essential for maintaining their viability. The recent study used DNA from fecal samples to assess genetic diversity and demographic history.

Conservation Strategies

Researchers recommend establishing ecological corridors to link the isolated tiger populations. This would facilitate genetic exchange and enhance the overall health of the species. Continuous monitoring and genetic assessments are crucial for developing effective conservation strategies. The microsatellite markers used in this study can also be applied to other endangered feline species, such as the Amur leopard.

Future Implications

The survival of the Amur tiger hinges on successful conservation efforts. The Southwest Primorye population could serve as important link for tiger revival in Northeast China and the Korean Peninsula. Effective management and monitoring will be vital in ensuring the future of this iconic species.

Questions for UPSC:

1. Critically analyse the impact of habitat fragmentation on the genetic diversity of endangered species.
2. What are the major threats to the survival of the Amur tiger? Explain their implications on conservation efforts.
3. Comment on the role of ecological corridors in wildlife conservation. Provide suitable examples.
4. What is the significance of genetic monitoring in conservation biology? How does it affect small populations like the Amur tiger?

Answer Hints:

1. Critically analyse the impact of habitat fragmentation on the genetic diversity of endangered species.

1. Habitat fragmentation leads to isolated populations, reducing gene flow and increasing inbreeding.
2. Isolated populations may experience genetic bottlenecks, decreasing overall genetic diversity.
3. Low genetic diversity can result in reduced adaptability to environmental changes and diseases.
4. Fragmentation limits access to resources and mating opportunities, further threatening population viability.
5. Conservation strategies must focus on connectivity to mitigate these effects and enhance genetic diversity.

2. What are the major threats to the survival of the Amur tiger? Explain their implications on conservation efforts.

1. Habitat destruction due to logging and agriculture reduces available space for tigers.
2. Poaching for fur and body parts decreases population numbers.
3. Human-wildlife conflict arises as tigers encroach on human settlements in search of prey.
4. Climate change affects prey availability and habitat suitability, complicating conservation efforts.
5. Conservation programs must address these threats through habitat protection, anti-poaching measures, and community engagement.

3. Comment on the role of ecological corridors in wildlife conservation. Provide suitable examples.

1. Ecological corridors connect fragmented habitats, allowing for genetic exchange between populations.
2. They facilitate migration and movement, essential for species adapting to environmental changes.
3. Examples include the Yellowstone to Yukon Conservation Initiative, promoting connectivity in North America.
4. In India, the Western Ghats corridor aids in protecting tiger and elephant populations.
5. Successful corridors enhance biodiversity and support ecosystem resilience against development pressures.

4. What is the significance of genetic monitoring in conservation biology? How does it affect small populations like the Amur tiger?

1. Genetic monitoring assesses the genetic health and diversity of populations, identifying risks of inbreeding.
2. It informs management strategies to enhance genetic diversity and population viability.
3. For small populations like the Amur tiger, monitoring can guide interventions such as translocation or breeding programs.
4. Regular assessments help track changes in genetic diversity over time, critical for long-term conservation success.
5. Genetic data can also aid in prioritizing conservation efforts for the most vulnerable populations.