The early 18th century was a period of relative peace between England and France, with both nations focusing their attention on strengthening their positions overseas. This article delves into the actions taken by both countries during this time and the eventual renewal of conflict that led to significant historical events.
Anglo-French Peace and Overseas Expansion (1713-1740)
Between 1713 and 1740, England and France experienced a period of peace, but this did not equate to inactivity, especially regarding their colonial ambitions. During this time, both nations were actively involved in expanding and securing their overseas territories.
France’s Strategic Moves in North America
France recognized its vulnerabilities and took proactive measures to fortify its holdings in North America. The French focused on countering English sea power by constructing a formidable fortification at Louisburg, located at the St. Lawrence River’s mouth. This stronghold was intended to serve as a protective barrier for the French territories against potential English naval incursions.
Additionally, France embarked on a mission to build and staff a network of forts stretching across its territories west of the Appalachian Mountains. The primary aim was to limit the westward expansion of English colonists, effectively confining them to the Atlantic seaboard. These forts were part of a broader French strategy to establish a strong presence in the continent and secure their claims against English encroachment.
England’s Commercial Endeavors in Spanish Empire
While France was busy with its military fortifications, England concentrated on exploiting the commercial opportunities it had created within Spain’s empire since 1713. The English sought to expand their influence and control over trade routes and resources, leveraging the gaps they had found in the Spanish colonial system. This focus on commerce was indicative of England’s broader imperial strategy, which prioritized economic gain and market dominance.
The War of the Austrian Succession and Its Impact
The relatively peaceful relations between England and France were disrupted in 1740 with the onset of the War of the Austrian Succession. This conflict quickly escalated to a global scale, affecting the colonies in America, where it became known as King George’s War, and extending to India. The war saw sharp conflicts between the two powers, each side capturing valuable territories from the other.
By the end of the war in 1748, England and France had agreed to exchange their conquests, with England returning Louisburg to France and France giving back Madras to England. This exchange resulted in an eight-year truce in Europe. However, both sides were acutely aware that this peace was temporary and used the time to prepare for the inevitable resumption of hostilities.
Renewed Tensions and the Struggle for North America
In North America, France reverted to its earlier strategy of building a barrier to prevent the westward expansion of English colonies. The clash that many anticipated finally occurred in 1755 when British forces attempted to halt the French from taking control of Fort Duquesne, located at the site of present-day Pittsburgh. This confrontation marked the beginning of renewed hostilities and set the stage for further conflict between France and England on the continent.
Questions for UPSC
1. How did the strategic fortifications built by France in North America reflect its colonial objectives and the geopolitical dynamics of the time?
2. In what ways did England’s commercial activities within the Spanish empire contribute to its imperial ambitions and the eventual conflict with France?
3. What were the long-term implications of the War of the Austrian Succession for Anglo-French relations, particularly in their colonial possessions?