The recent research in Bihar has highlighted an escalating concern about Arsenic contamination, which is not only found in the groundwater but also within the food chain. The study was conducted under the auspices of the Project Nature and Nurture in Arsenic Induced Toxicity of Bihar. It was made possible by the joint financial aid of the British Council in the United Kingdom and the Department of Science and Technology in India.
Arsenic Contamination: Major Findings
The most significant finding from the investigation indicated that the food chain now contains arsenic. Predominantly, it has been identified in rice, wheat, and potatoes. Arsenic contamination in groundwater has raised alarms across several regions within the country. The high usage of groundwater for irrigation purposes by farmers means that arsenic can easily seep into the food chain.
Comparison of Food vs Water Contamination
Interestingly, the study found that food contained higher levels of arsenic than drinking water. This was true even when the arsenic levels in the drinking water exceeded the World Health Organization (WHO) provisional guide value of 10 micrograms per litre (μg/L). Out of all food items tested, cooked rice was found to contain a higher concentration of arsenic compared to raw rice.
Understanding Arsenic
Arsenic is a metalloid element that is odorless and tasteless, making it difficult to detect without proper testing. It is abundant in the earth’s crust and naturally present at high levels in the groundwater of several countries. The inorganic form of arsenic is highly toxic which leads to adverse health effects when consumed.
Potential Health Effects of Arsenic Poisoning
The entry of arsenic into the human body can occur through contaminated drinking water or through the consumption of food tainted with arsenic. Arsenicosis, a condition resulting from the accumulation of significant levels of arsenic in the body, can lead to various health problems and even death due to multi-organ failure. Prolonged exposure can lead to cancer, skin lesions, cardiovascular disease, diabetes. Researchers have also linked it with negative cognitive development in children and increased mortality rates in young adults.
Steps to Combat Arsenic Contamination
Under the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, efforts are being made to ensure that the population has access to drinking water free from fecal contamination and chemical contaminants like arsenic. India’s Jal Jeevan Mission aims to provide safe and adequate drinking water to all rural households by 2024. The mission has now been extended to urban areas as well.
Looking Forward: Mitigating the Effects of Arsenic
The urgent necessity lies in monitoring and controlling the quality of irrigation water, along with drinking water. Engaging the public in planning and maintenance while providing states with essential direction is crucial for successful mitigation. Remedial measures can involve a range of activities – from removing arsenic after groundwater extraction to finding alternative aquifers, reducing levels within the aquifer itself, diluting contaminants by artificial recharge, and blending with potable water.