The shift in economic activity from the Mediterranean to the Atlantic prior to 1500 marked a significant change in global trade dynamics. This transition paved the way for maritime nations to emerge and compete for dominance over international commerce, with the Dutch and English becoming particularly influential during the 17th century.
The Rise of Dutch Maritime Trade
The Dutch established themselves as a formidable maritime trading nation through their innovative approach to commerce, particularly in the supply of salted herrings to European markets. Salted herrings were a staple food product in Europe, and the Dutch capitalized on this demand. Their success in the herring trade was supported by the development of the fly-boat, a vessel well-suited for bulk transport, which enabled them to dominate the Baltic trade. The mastery of the Baltic trade routes allowed the Dutch to become the principal carriers of Europe, effectively controlling the movement of goods across the region.
As the Dutch expanded their reach, they established an extensive network of colonies and trading stations, notably in the Far East. These outposts facilitated the flow of exotic goods and resources back to Europe, further enhancing the Dutch position in global trade. However, despite their initial dominance, the Dutch began to face competition from the English, who were also eyeing control over lucrative trade routes and markets.
English Ascendancy in Atlantic Trade
The English emerged as a significant power in the Atlantic, challenging Dutch supremacy. One of the key commodities that bolstered English maritime trade was cod. The English exploited the rich cod fisheries off the Newfoundland shores, where they caught, dried, and salted the fish. Cod was highly nutritious and in demand, especially in Mediterranean countries where religious practices such as fasting on Fridays increased the need for fish. The English efficiently supplied these markets, leveraging the value of cod to strengthen their economic position.
Over time, both the Dutch and the English diversified their commercial activities, moving beyond mere transportation of goods to dealing and trading in various commodities themselves. This diversification allowed them to tap into different markets and enhance their profitability. As dealers, they had more control over the prices and distribution of goods, which in turn solidified their roles as key players in the global trade system.
Displacement of Dutch Trade Dominance
The 17th century witnessed the gradual displacement of the Dutch by the English in terms of trade dominance. Several factors contributed to this shift. The English developed a more powerful navy, which not only protected their trading interests but also allowed them to challenge Dutch control over certain trade routes. Furthermore, England’s domestic policies, including the Navigation Acts, were designed to promote English shipping and restrict foreign vessels, including Dutch fly-boats, from transporting goods to and from English ports.
The combination of strategic military strength, protective legislation, and the ability to provide in-demand commodities like cod enabled the English to surpass the Dutch in overseas trade. While the Dutch maintained their vast colonial network, the balance of power in maritime commerce had shifted towards the English by the end of the 17th century.
Questions for UPSC
1. How did the development of the fly-boat contribute to the rise of the Dutch as a maritime trading nation in the 17th century?
2. In what ways did the English leverage the value of cod to establish dominance in the Atlantic trade?
3. What were the key factors that led to the displacement of Dutch trade dominance by the English in the 17th century?
