The drive towards Atmanirbhar Bharat has gained fresh momentum in 2025. The government aims to reduce dependence on imports, especially in natural resources. India currently imports nearly 90 per cent of oil, 95 per cent of copper, and over 99 per cent of gold. These imports form a major part of the country’s trade deficit and strategic vulnerability. The government’s focus is now on increasing domestic production to achieve self-reliance well before 2047, the centenary of India’s independence.
India’s Natural Resource Scenario
India is endowed with vast geological resources comparable to Australia, Africa, and South America. These regions were once part of the same ancient landmass, sharing rich mineral and hydrocarbon deposits. However, unlike these countries, India has not fully explored or exploited its potential. Currently, India imports quantities of oil, gold, copper, coal, and bauxite, despite having domestic reserves. This import dependency weakens economic security and increases vulnerability to global market fluctuations.
Challenges in Exploration and Production
Exploration in India is largely government-driven but lacks sufficient resources and agility. The current auction-based policy restricts small entrepreneurial ventures, which globally drive exploration risk-taking. Exploration is high risk and requires startups willing to accept frequent failures with hopes of major discoveries. India’s lengthy clearance processes further delay mining projects. Complex regulations and slow approvals hinder quick transition from exploration to production.
Policy Measures for Atmanirbhar Bharat
Four key reforms can transform the natural resource sector – 1. Encourage private exploration by allowing startups to operate freely under government guidelines. This will increase the pace of discovery and innovation. 2. Introduce self-certification for environmental and other clearances to cut down delays. Entrepreneurs will adhere to standards and face audits for compliance. 3. Revive dormant and underperforming government-owned assets such as Kolar Gold Fields and Hindustan Copper. Private sector participation and modern technology can boost output quickly. 4. Ensure a level playing field between public and private sectors by removing preferential treatment and nomination routes. This will encourage competition and entrepreneurship.
Impact on Economy and Employment
Implementing these measures will reduce India’s import dependence . Increased domestic production will improve trade balance and energy security. The natural resources sector will generate millions of jobs and support livelihoods across mining, processing, and allied industries. It will also enhance government revenues through royalties and taxes without additional budgetary support. Greater transparency and efficiency will attract investments and encourage sustainable growth.
Strategic Importance for Viksit Bharat 2047
Self-reliance in natural resources is critical to India’s vision of becoming a developed nation by 2047. A strong resource base will support industrial growth, infrastructure development, and energy needs. It will also reduce geopolitical risks associated with resource imports. By harnessing its geological wealth, India can secure a prosperous and resilient future.
Questions for UPSC:
- Critically discuss the role of natural resource self-reliance in achieving India’s economic security and strategic autonomy.
- Examine the challenges and opportunities in reforming India’s mineral exploration and mining sector for sustainable growth.
- Analyse the impact of government policies on public and private sector participation in India’s natural resource industries.
- Estimate the potential employment and economic benefits of increasing domestic production in the natural resources sector by 2047.
