The axolotl, a unique species of salamander known for its exceptional regenerative capabilities, has sparked significant interest and research endeavors. The focus of these investigations is primarily centered on deciphering the role of the elusive o gene, an “ova-deficient” gene that governs the regeneration process in these amphibians.
Brief Background of the Axolotl
Axolotls are amphibious creatures that live their entire lives underwater. Their existence in the wild is confined to only one location—Lake Xochimilco, near Mexico City. This lake is a labyrinth of man-made channels, miniature lakes, and temporary wetlands that provide water to the nearby metropolis and its 18 million inhabitants. Lake Xochimilco also holds the prestigious title of being a UNESCO World Heritage site.
The Genetic Composition of Axolotls
Similar to humans, axolotls boast two copies of each gene—one inherited from the mother and the other from the father. They have a varied diet that includes mollusks, worms, insect larvae, crustaceans, and even some types of fish.
Unique Characteristics of the Axolotls
Scientists are intrigued by axolotls for two main reasons—their ability to regenerate lost body parts and their unusual trait of neoteny. Neoteny refers to the retention of immature features throughout the axolotl’s life. These characteristics are not only interesting but also valuable for cancer research due to the axolotl’s unique resistance to developing cancerous tissues.
Risks to the Axolotl Population
Despite being an amphibian, axolotls lead an entirely aquatic life. Unfortunately, their population has decreased drastically due to habitat loss (resulting primarily from urbanization of Mexico City), water pollution, and the threat of invasive fish species such as carp and tilapia that compete with axolotls for food and prey on them. The International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) has listed the axolotl as a critically endangered species since 2006.
Understanding Organ Regeneration
Organ regeneration is the physiological process of replacing or repairing damaged or lost organs in living beings. The process varies widely among different species, including plants and animals, and holds immense potential for medical applications such as treating injuries and diseases that affect human organs.
Major Processes in Organ Regeneration
Several mechanisms are involved in organ regeneration, including remodelling, blastema formation, and compensatory hypertrophy. Remodeling involves reshaping and reorganizing existing tissues to form new structures, whereas blastema formation refers to the growth of an undifferentiated cell mass at the injury site. This mass can then differentiate into various cell types, forming new tissues and organs. Compensatory hypertrophy, on the other hand, increases the size and function of the remaining part of an organ to compensate for loss.
Other Species Capable of Organ Regeneration
Aside from axolotls, several other organisms have shown remarkable regenerative abilities. These include planarians, zebrafish, and sea cucumbers.