Butterfly Diversity in Eastern Ghats Uncovered

The Eastern Ghats and Visakhapatnam have recently gained attention for their remarkable butterfly biodiversity. A decade-long study has documented 190 butterfly species in this region. Conducted by researchers Venkata Ramana Bhusala, Appana Saragada, and Ravi Babu Surisetti, the study marks the importance of preserving this biodiversity hotspot. The findings were published in the October edition of Indian Forester.

Significance of the Study

This research marks the first extensive survey of butterfly diversity in the Eastern Ghats. The region is largely unexplored, and the study serves as a call to action for conservationists. Butterflies are not only beautiful but also vital bioindicators of environmental health. Their presence signals the condition of ecosystems.

Methodology

The researchers conducted fieldwork from 2013 to 2021. They navigated through rugged terrains, forests, and agricultural lands. This hands-on approach allowed them to document various butterfly species in diverse habitats. The study identified 190 species across six families, including 27 species protected under Indian wildlife laws.

Key Findings

The Nymphalidae family was the most prevalent, accounting for over 31% of the documented species. The Marbled Map butterfly, endemic to the Eastern Ghats, was a focal point. Its survival is closely tied to specific habitats, underscoring the need for conservation efforts. The Common Birdwing, also noted in the study, is often targeted in wildlife trade.

Habitat and Ecosystem Relationships

The research revealed that butterfly populations thrive in healthy forest ecosystems. Intact forest corridors and regenerating patches support their diversity. The study suggests that habitat preservation is crucial for the survival of these sensitive pollinators.

Threats to Butterfly Habitats

Despite the rich biodiversity, the study marks alarming threats. Human activities such as deforestation and land use changes jeopardise butterfly habitats. Climate change also poses an important risk. The delicate balance of these ecosystems is increasingly vulnerable.

Butterfly Spotting Tips

The best times for butterfly spotting in the region are from June to August and November to January. Recommended hotspots include Kailasagiri, Indira Gandhi Zoological Park, and various hilly areas like Araku Valley and Paderu. These locations are known for their diverse butterfly populations.

Future Conservation Efforts

The study lays the groundwork for further research and conservation initiatives. It emphasises the urgent need to protect the Eastern Ghats’ ecosystems. Maintaining biodiversity is essential for ecological stability and health.

Questions for UPSC:

1. Critically examine the role of butterflies as bioindicators of environmental health.
2. Discuss the impact of climate change on biodiversity hotspots like the Eastern Ghats.
3. Explain the ecological significance of forest corridors in supporting butterfly populations.
4. What are the conservation strategies needed to protect endemic species such as the Marbled Map butterfly? Discuss with examples.

Answer Hints:

1. Critically examine the role of butterflies as bioindicators of environmental health.

1. Butterflies are sensitive to environmental changes, making them effective indicators of ecosystem health.
2. They depend on specific host plants, reflecting the quality and diversity of their habitats.
3. Changes in butterfly populations can signal shifts in climate, pollution, or habitat destruction.
4. Monitoring butterfly diversity can help assess the effectiveness of conservation efforts.
5. Research shows that a decline in butterfly species often correlates with broader biodiversity loss.

2. Discuss the impact of climate change on biodiversity hotspots like the Eastern Ghats.

1. Climate change alters temperature and precipitation patterns, affecting species distribution and survival.
2. Increased frequency of extreme weather events can disrupt breeding and feeding patterns of butterflies.
3. Habitat fragmentation due to climate impacts can isolate populations, reducing genetic diversity.
4. Changes in plant communities due to climate shifts can affect the availability of butterfly host plants.
5. Conservation strategies must adapt to these changes to protect vulnerable species and ecosystems.

3. Explain the ecological significance of forest corridors in supporting butterfly populations.

1. Forest corridors facilitate movement and migration of butterflies between fragmented habitats.
2. They enhance genetic diversity by connecting isolated populations, promoting healthier ecosystems.
3. Corridors provide essential resources such as food and breeding sites for butterflies.
4. Intact corridors help mitigate the effects of habitat loss by offering refuge during environmental changes.
5. Conservation of these corridors is crucial for maintaining butterfly populations and overall biodiversity.

4. What are the conservation strategies needed to protect endemic species such as the Marbled Map butterfly? Discuss with examples.

1. Establish protected areas that encompass the specific habitats of endemic species like the Marbled Map butterfly.
2. Implement habitat restoration projects to rehabilitate degraded areas and expand suitable environments.
3. Engage local communities in conservation efforts to raise awareness and promote sustainable land use practices.
4. Conduct ongoing research to monitor populations and assess the effectiveness of conservation strategies.
5. Collaborate with organizations to enforce laws protecting endangered species and their habitats.