Chandra Shekhar Azad

Chandra Shekhar Azad was a prominent figure in the Indian independence movement. He was born on July 23, 1906, in Alirajpur, Madhya Pradesh. Azad’s life was marked by his commitment to freedom and his refusal to be captured by British authorities. He became a symbol of resistance against colonial rule.

Early Life and Political Awakening

Azad grew up in poverty and left home at the age of 15. He briefly worked in Bombay before moving to Benares. There, he became involved in the Non-Cooperation Movement led by Mahatma Gandhi. His early activism included picketing liquor shops and participating in protests. His first arrest marked a turning point, as he adopted the name “Azad,” meaning ‘free’ in Hindi.

Shift to Revolutionary Activities

Disillusioned by Gandhi’s decision to suspend the Non-Cooperation Movement in 1922, Azad shifted his focus to revolutionary activities. He joined the Hindustan Republican Army (HRA) and participated in various political dacoities to fund armed uprisings. The Kakori train robbery in 1925 was event, where he managed to evade capture.

Formation of the Hindustan Socialist Republican Association

In 1928, Azad collaborated with Bhagat Singh and others to form the Hindustan Socialist Republican Association (HSRA). This group aimed for a socialist revolution in India. Azad served as the military strategist, planning operations and training recruits in the use of arms. His leadership was crucial in executing the assassination of British officer John Saunders in December 1928.

Final Days and Legacy

Following the crackdown on the HSRA, Azad continued to operate underground. On February 27, 1931, he was surrounded by police in Allahabad’s Alfred Park. Despite being outnumbered, he fought valiantly, ensuring the escape of his comrade Sukhdev. Ultimately, with only one bullet left, Azad chose to take his own life rather than be captured. His bravery and determination have immortalised him as a national hero.

Commemoration

Today, Alfred Park is named after Chandra Shekhar Azad, honouring his sacrifice for India’s freedom. A memorial plaque marks the spot where he made his final stand against colonial oppression. His legacy continues to inspire generations in the fight for justice and equality.

Questions for UPSC:

1. Examine the impact of revolutionary movements on the Indian independence struggle.
2. Discuss the role of youth in the freedom movement of India with suitable examples.
3. What is the significance of the Kakori train robbery in the context of Indian revolutionary activities? Explain.
4. Critically discuss the ideological differences between Gandhi’s non-violent approach and the revolutionary tactics employed by figures like Chandra Shekhar Azad.

Answer Hints:

1. Examine the impact of revolutionary movements on the Indian independence struggle.

1. Revolutionary movements introduced a more militant approach to resistance against British rule.
2. They inspired mass mobilization and increased awareness of the fight for independence.
3. Figures like Azad and Bhagat Singh became symbols of courage and sacrifice, galvanizing public sentiment.
4. Revolutionaries often targeted key British officials, creating fear and instability within colonial governance.
5. Their actions brought into light the urgency for independence and influenced mainstream political strategies.

2. Discuss the role of youth in the freedom movement of India with suitable examples.

1. Youth were very important in mobilizing support and leading protests against colonial rule.
2. Chandra Shekhar Azad, at a young age, became a prominent revolutionary leader, showcasing youth leadership.
3. Bhagat Singh’s execution galvanized youth across India, inspiring many to join the freedom struggle.
4. Student organizations actively participated in protests, rallies, and revolutionary activities.
5. The energy and idealism of youth brought fresh perspectives and strategies to the independence movement.

3. What is the significance of the Kakori train robbery in the context of Indian revolutionary activities? Explain.

1. The Kakori train robbery in 1925 was a landmark event that demonstrated the resolve of revolutionaries to fund their activities.
2. It showcased the tactical planning and execution skills of leaders like Chandra Shekhar Azad.
3. The event drew public attention to the revolutionary cause and brought into light the desperation of youth against oppression.
4. It led to a crackdown by British authorities, intensifying the struggle and the revolutionary response.
5. The robbery became a symbol of resistance, inspiring future revolutionary actions and movements.

4. Critically discuss the ideological differences between Gandhi’s non-violent approach and the revolutionary tactics employed by figures like Chandra Shekhar Azad.

1. Gandhi advocated for non-violent civil disobedience, believing in moral high ground and mass participation.
2. Revolutionaries like Azad believed in armed struggle as a necessary means to achieve immediate results.
3. Their tactics included direct action and violence against colonial authorities, contrasting sharply with Gandhi’s philosophy.
4. While Gandhi sought to win hearts and minds, revolutionaries aimed for swift, impactful actions to instigate change.
5. These differing ideologies led to a division within the independence movement, shaping its strategies and outcomes.