Chandrayaan-4 Lunar Sample Return Mission

India’s Chandrayaan-4 mission represents leap in lunar exploration. Planned for launch in October 2027, this mission aims to soft-land on the Moon, collect samples, and return them to Earth. It marks India’s fourth lunar endeavour, showcasing advancements in space technology and international competitiveness.

The Mission

Chandrayaan-4 will consist of two crafts, each weighing approximately 4,750 kg. Instead of a single launch, ISRO will deploy two LVM3 rockets. This innovative approach involves docking and undocking in space, a critical step for sample retrieval.

Financial Allocation

The Indian Government has allocated Rs 2,104 crores (around $240 million) for this mission. This funding supports the development of advanced technologies and scientific research capabilities, enhancing India’s stature in space exploration.

Historical Context

Only the USA, Russia, and China have successfully conducted lunar sample return missions. China’s Chang’e-5, which returned samples from the Moon’s far side, marks the competitive landscape. Chandrayaan-4 aims to join this elite group, focusing on the Moon’s southern polar regions.

Scientific Importance

Bringing lunar samples back to Earth allows for detailed analysis in sophisticated laboratories. This can provide vital information about the Moon’s composition and geological history, which in-situ studies cannot fully achieve due to equipment limitations.

Mission Components

Chandrayaan-4 consists of five modules – 1. Ascender Module (AM) 2. Descender Module (DM) 3. Re-entry Module (RM) 4. Transfer Module (TM) 5. Propulsion Module (PM) These modules will work together to achieve the mission’s objectives.

Launch and Docking Procedure

The mission will launch DM and AM as one craft, while TM, RM, and PM form the second craft. After both crafts are launched, they will dock in Earth orbit to create an integrated system. This system will then perform necessary manoeuvres to reach lunar orbit.

Sample Collection Strategy

After landing, the DM will deploy a robotic arm to collect surface samples, while a drilling mechanism will extract sub-surface samples. The samples will be securely stored in the AM to prevent contamination.

Return Journey

Once sample collection is complete, the AM will ascend to lunar orbit and transfer samples to the RM. The RM will then execute a return trajectory to Earth. Upon entering the atmosphere, the RM will separate from the TM and land safely on Earth.

Technological Innovations

Chandrayaan-4 is set to demonstrate various new technologies. These include surface sampling, drilling mechanisms, and docking techniques. The mission aims for self-reliance in technology development, involving contributions from Indian industries.

Future Implications

This mission will lay the groundwork for future manned lunar missions. It will also facilitate the training of Indian astronauts, known as Gaganyatris, for potential lunar landings.

Questions for UPSC:

1. Critically analyse the technological advancements made by ISRO in lunar exploration missions.
2. What are the implications of lunar sample return missions on our understanding of the Moon? Explain.
3. Comment on the role of international cooperation in space exploration. What are its benefits and challenges?
4. What is the significance of self-reliance in space technology for India? Discuss its impact on domestic industries.

Answer Hints:

1. Critically analyse the technological advancements made by ISRO in lunar exploration missions.

1. ISRO has developed advanced launch vehicles like the LVM3, enhancing payload capacity.
2. Chandrayaan-4 will utilize innovative docking and undocking technologies in space.
3. New modules (AM, DM, RM, TM, PM) demonstrate complex systems integration for lunar missions.
4. Technologies for surface sampling and drilling mechanisms are being pioneered for in-situ analysis.
5. ISRO’s focus on self-reliance promotes indigenous technology development and reduces dependency on foreign technology.

2. What are the implications of lunar sample return missions on our understanding of the Moon? Explain.

1. Lunar sample return missions allow for detailed laboratory analysis, providing vital information about lunar geology.
2. Samples can reveal the Moon’s formation and evolution, enhancing our understanding of planetary science.
3. Return missions can uncover resources like water ice, crucial for future lunar habitation.
4. They help validate data collected from remote sensing instruments used in previous missions.
5. Samples contribute to comparative studies with Earth materials, enriching our knowledge of planetary processes.

3. Comment on the role of international cooperation in space exploration. What are its benefits and challenges?

1. International cooperation facilitates resource sharing, reducing costs for missions.
2. Collaborative projects enhance scientific output by combining expertise from different nations.
3. Joint missions can encourage peaceful relations and diplomatic ties between countries.
4. Challenges include differing national priorities, regulatory frameworks, and technology transfer issues.
5. Intellectual property concerns may arise, complicating collaboration agreements.

4. What is the significance of self-reliance in space technology for India? Discuss its impact on domestic industries.

1. Self-reliance in space technology enhances national security and reduces dependency on foreign entities.
2. It promotes local industries’ growth by creating demand for indigenous components and systems.
3. Encourages innovation and research within Indian academic and industrial sectors.
4. Developing a skilled workforce in advanced technologies boosts employment opportunities.
5. Self-reliance can position India as a competitive player in the global space market.