Chhath Puja is a revered festival primarily celebrated in Bihar, eastern Uttar Pradesh, and Nepal. It honours the Sun god and is marked by a series of rituals that connect devotees to nature and their community. Over recent years, the festival has gained visibility, even reaching global audiences. However, concerns have arisen regarding the health risks associated with the polluted water bodies where rituals are performed, particularly the Yamuna River in Delhi.
About Chhath Puja
Chhath Puja lasts four days, commencing on the sixth day of Kartik Shukla Paksha. The festival involves fasting and making offerings to Usha and Pratyusha, representing the rising and setting Sun. Devotees engage in strict rituals, which include a 36-hour fast without water, symbolising devotion and discipline. The festival promotes community bonding and egalitarianism, as anyone can participate regardless of caste.
Rituals of Chhath Puja
The first day, Naha Kha, involves a ceremonial bath followed by a meal. The second day, Khurna, consists of a solitary meal of roti and kheer, after which the fasting begins. On the third day, devotees gather at water bodies to offer Arghya to the setting Sun, and the final day involves a similar ritual for the rising Sun. Offerings include seasonal fruits, and the atmosphere is filled with decorations and community spirit.
Chhathi Maiya – The Deity
Chhathi Maiya, the sister of the Sun god, is central to the festival. She is revered for her generosity and strictness. The rituals are believed to yield immense spiritual benefits for those who observe them faithfully. The festival also puts stress on the significance of nature and the cyclical essence of life, denoting that dusk and dawn are equally important.
Health Risks from Pollution
The Yamuna River, a key site for Chhath rituals in Delhi, is heavily polluted. Recent assessments revealed alarming levels of contamination, including high bacterial counts and low dissolved oxygen levels. The Delhi High Court has expressed concerns over the health risks posed to devotees, warning that contact with the water could lead to gastrointestinal diseases and skin irritations.
Scientific Analysis of Yamuna Water
Water samples from the Yamuna were analysed for 16 critical parameters. Results indicated that all samples were unfit for bathing or drinking. The presence of harmful bacteria and pollutants poses severe health risks. Experts emphasise the need for improved sewage treatment and pollution control measures to protect public health.
Community Response
Despite the health risks, the community continues to observe Chhath Puja with fervour. Many devotees are now taking precautions, such as avoiding direct contact with the water. The festival remains a vital expression of cultural identity and community spirit, even amid environmental challenges.
Questions for UPSC:
- Examine the significance of the Chhath festival in the context of Bihari culture.
- Discuss the health implications of performing rituals along polluted water bodies.
- With suitable examples, discuss the rituals associated with Chhath Puja.
- Critically discuss the role of Chhathi Maiya in the observance of Chhath Puja and its impact on the community.
