Chillai Kalan – Kashmir’s Harsh Winter Period

Chillai Kalan is meteorological phenomenon in Kashmir. It marks a 40-day period of severe winter, commencing on December 21. In 2023, this period began with Srinagar recording its coldest December night in fifty years, plunging to minus 8.5 degrees Celsius. Such extreme temperatures have been noted to affect daily life and natural landscapes in the region.

Historical Context of Chillai Kalan

Chillai Kalan has been observed for centuries in Kashmir. Traditionally, it is the coldest phase of winter. Historical records indicate that Srinagar’s lowest December temperature was minus 12.8 degrees Celsius in 1934. Such records provide insight into the climate patterns and historical weather extremes in the region.

Temperature Records and Impacts

This year, temperatures across the valley fell . Notable lows included minus 8.6 degrees Celsius in Pahalgam and minus 6.2 degrees Celsius in Gulmarg. These temperatures led to the freezing of water bodies, including parts of the iconic Dal Lake. The extreme cold has resulted in disruptions to water supply lines and increased challenges for local residents.

Meteorological Predictions

The meteorological department forecasts mainly dry weather until December 26, with potential light snowfall in higher altitudes. Following Chillai Kalan, the cold wave continues with a subsequent 20-day period known as Chillai-Khurd, and a 10-day phase called Chillai-Bachha. These periods are characterised by varying degrees of cold and snowfall.

Cultural Significance

Chillai Kalan holds cultural importance in Kashmir. It influences local customs, traditions, and festivities. The harsh weather conditions shape the lifestyle of the residents. Additionally, it attracts tourists to winter sports and scenic beauty, despite the challenges posed by the cold.

Climate Change Considerations

Recent winters have seen fluctuations in temperature and snowfall patterns. Climate change may be influencing these variations. About the impact of climate change on local weather is crucial for future planning and adaptation strategies in Kashmir.

Safety Measures During Chillai Kalan

Residents are advised to take precautions during this period. Dressing warmly, ensuring adequate heating in homes, and maintaining clear pathways are essential for safety. Awareness of local weather forecasts can help in planning daily activities.

Conclusion of Chillai Kalan

Chillai Kalan concludes on January 31, followed by Chillai-Khurd and Chillai-Bachha. These periods continue to affect the region’s climate and lifestyle. Awareness and preparedness are vital for navigating the challenges posed by the cold.

Questions for UPSC:

1. Critically analyse the impact of extreme winter conditions on local economies and societies in Kashmir.
2. Explain the significance of traditional weather periods in the context of climate adaptation and resilience.
3. What are the potential effects of climate change on the winter patterns in the Himalayas? Discuss with suitable examples.
4. Comment on the role of meteorological forecasting in disaster management during severe weather events.

Answer Hints:

1. Critically analyse the impact of extreme winter conditions on local economies and societies in Kashmir.

1. Extreme cold affects agriculture, leading to crop damage and reduced yields.
2. Tourism is impacted; while winter sports may attract visitors, harsh conditions can deter them.
3. Infrastructure suffers; frozen water bodies disrupt water supply and transport.
4. Health issues increase due to cold-related illnesses among vulnerable populations.
5. Local businesses face challenges; demand for heating and winter goods rises, affecting pricing.

2. Explain the significance of traditional weather periods in the context of climate adaptation and resilience.

1. Traditional periods like Chillai Kalan provide a framework for agricultural planning and resource management.
2. They inform local customs and practices, encouraging community resilience against climate extremes.
3. About these patterns aids in predicting weather-related risks, enhancing preparedness.
4. They are integral to cultural identity, influencing festivals and social gatherings.
5. Such knowledge can guide policy-making for sustainable development in the region.

3. What are the potential effects of climate change on the winter patterns in the Himalayas? Discuss with suitable examples.

1. Rising temperatures may lead to shorter winter seasons, affecting snow accumulation.
2. Increased variability in snowfall patterns can disrupt water supply during warmer months.
3. Glacial melting accelerates, impacting river systems and local ecosystems.
4. Extreme weather events, such as unseasonal storms, may become more frequent, causing hazards.
5. Examples include altered snowfall in regions like Gulmarg, affecting skiing tourism.

4. Comment on the role of meteorological forecasting in disaster management during severe weather events.

1. Accurate forecasts enable timely warnings, allowing communities to prepare for extreme conditions.
2. They assist in resource allocation for emergency services, ensuring rapid response.
3. Forecasting helps in planning evacuation routes and shelters during severe weather.
4. Public awareness campaigns can be based on forecasts to educate residents on safety measures.
5. Integration of technology in forecasting enhances precision and reliability of weather predictions.