Cholera Epidemic in Yemen – A Humanitarian Crisis

Yemen is facing a severe cholera epidemic amid ongoing conflict and economic turmoil. As of December 2024, nearly 250,000 suspected cases have been reported, accounting for portion of global cases. The United Nations World Health Organization (WHO) has brought into light that Yemen’s health infrastructure is crumbling under the weight of multiple disease outbreaks. The cholera crisis is exacerbated by a decade of war, poor sanitation, and inadequate access to clean water.

Cholera Overview

Cholera is an acute diarrhoeal infection caused by ingesting contaminated food or water. It can lead to severe dehydration and death if untreated. The disease spreads rapidly in areas with poor sanitation and limited access to clean drinking water. Yemen has experienced ongoing outbreaks since 2017, with the situation worsening in 2024.

Current Situation in Yemen

The WHO reports that Yemen accounts for 35% of the world’s cholera cases and 18% of related deaths this year. The country’s health system is under immense stress, facing multiple outbreaks of waterborne diseases. The lack of clean drinking water and poor sanitation facilities are critical factors in the ongoing crisis.

Funding and Resource Challenges

Yemen’s cholera response is severely underfunded. There is a $20 million funding gap for the response period from October 2024 to March 2025. This financial shortfall has led to the closure of numerous diarrhoea treatment centres (DTCs) and oral rehydration centres (ORCs). Without immediate financial support, Yemen risks a repeat of the devastating outbreak experienced from 2017 to 2020.

Humanitarian Impact

The ongoing conflict has left approximately 18.2 million people in need of humanitarian assistance. Food insecurity affects around 17.6 million individuals. Children are particularly vulnerable, with nearly half of all children under five suffering from moderate to severe stunting. The situation is dire, with millions facing life-threatening conditions.

Health System Strain

Yemen’s health system is overwhelmed. The closure of treatment centres reduces the capacity to respond to cholera and other diseases. Health partners warn that without urgent funding and support, the health crisis will escalate. The WHO has called for immediate action to prevent further loss of life.

International Response

International organisations and health partners are working to address the cholera outbreak. However, the persistent conflict and lack of resources hinder effective response efforts. Global support is critical to alleviate the humanitarian crisis in Yemen.

Future Outlook

The outlook for Yemen’s health crisis remains bleak without intervention. The potential for a resurgence of cholera is high. Continued monitoring and support are essential to mitigate the impact on the population.

Questions for UPSC:

1. Estimate the impact of cholera outbreaks on public health systems in conflict zones like Yemen.
2. Critically discuss the role of international organisations in addressing health crises in war-torn countries.
3. Examine the factors contributing to food insecurity in Yemen and its implications for public health.
4. Point out the challenges faced by humanitarian organisations in delivering aid during ongoing conflicts.

Answer Hints:

1. Estimate the impact of cholera outbreaks on public health systems in conflict zones like Yemen.

1. Cholera outbreaks strain already weakened health systems, diverting resources and attention from other health needs.
2. Increased morbidity and mortality rates due to cholera exacerbate existing health crises, leading to higher healthcare costs.
3. Public health infrastructure, including treatment centers, may be forced to close due to funding shortages, limiting access to care.
4. Cholera outbreaks can overwhelm healthcare facilities, leading to inadequate patient care and increased transmission rates.
5. The psychological impact on healthcare workers and communities can hinder effective response and recovery efforts.

2. Critically discuss the role of international organisations in addressing health crises in war-torn countries.

1. International organisations provide essential funding, medical supplies, and expertise to combat health crises.
2. They facilitate coordination among various humanitarian actors to ensure efficient and effective response efforts.
3. Advocacy by these organisations can raise awareness and mobilize global support for affected populations.
4. Challenges include navigating complex political landscapes and ensuring security for aid workers in conflict zones.
5. Success depends on sustained international commitment and addressing underlying issues, such as funding gaps and infrastructure needs.

3. Examine the factors contributing to food insecurity in Yemen and its implications for public health.

1. Prolonged conflict disrupts agricultural production and supply chains, leading to food shortages.
2. Economic collapse reduces purchasing power, making food unaffordable for many families.
3. High levels of poverty and displacement exacerbate vulnerability to food insecurity, particularly among children.
4. Malnutrition resulting from food insecurity leads to increased susceptibility to diseases and poor health outcomes.
5. Food insecurity can limit access to essential nutrients, contributing to stunting and other long-term health issues.

4. Point out the challenges faced by humanitarian organisations in delivering aid during ongoing conflicts.

1. Security risks for aid workers hinder access to affected populations and can lead to operational disruptions.
2. Bureaucratic hurdles and restrictions imposed by conflicting parties can delay or prevent aid delivery.
3. Funding shortages limit the capacity of humanitarian organisations to provide adequate support and resources.
4. Logistical challenges, such as damaged infrastructure, complicate the distribution of aid in conflict zones.
5. Coordination among multiple actors is essential but can be challenging due to differing priorities and agendas.