As of 2024, the global community faces a critical juncture in climate action. Despite advancements in renewable energy and electric vehicle adoption, a recent United Nations report indicates that the world is still on track for a concerning temperature increase of 2.6°C above pre-industrial levels if national climate pledges are fulfilled. In a more troubling scenario, current policies could lead to a rise of 3.1°C. UN Secretary-General António Guterres has telld the urgency of bridging the emissions gap to avert catastrophic climate impacts, particularly for the most vulnerable populations.
About the Emissions Gap
The emissions gap refers to the discrepancy between the greenhouse gas reductions necessary to limit global warming and the actual emissions trajectory. Since 1990, global emissions have surged from 37.8 billion tonnes to 57.1 billion tonnes in 2023, with a notable increase of 1.3% from the previous year. This trend exceeds the pre-pandemic average increase of 0.8% per year, denoting a troubling acceleration in emissions.
Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs)
Countries are preparing their Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) for 2035, as outlined in the Paris Agreement. These pledges are crucial for setting climate targets and are expected to be submitted in early 2025. To meet the ambitious goal of limiting global warming to 1.5°C, a collective reduction of 42% in annual greenhouse gas emissions is required by 2030, escalating to 57% by 2035.
Potential Solutions
The UN report suggests feasible pathways to achieve the necessary emissions reductions. Key strategies include an important increase in renewable energy deployment and energy efficiency improvements, aiming to triple renewable energy and double energy efficiency by 2030. Specifically, solar photovoltaic technologies and wind energy could account for up to 38% of the required reductions by 2035.
The Role of Fossil Fuels
Fossil fuels remain the predominant source of global emissions, contributing approximately 68% of current levels. The combustion of coal, oil, and gas across various sectors, including energy and industrial processes, exacerbates this issue. Transitioning away from fossil fuels is essential for achieving climate targets and mitigating the effects of climate change.
Investment and International Cooperation
To facilitate the transition to a net-zero future, a sixfold increase in mitigation investment is necessary. This requires comprehensive reform of the global financial system, robust action from the private sector, and enhanced international cooperation. The report emphasises that immediate action is imperative to mobilise resources and implement effective climate strategies.
Questions for UPSC:
- Discuss the significance of the Emissions Gap Report in shaping global climate policy.
- Evaluate the role of Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) in the context of the Paris Agreement.
- What strategies can be employed to achieve the necessary reductions in greenhouse gas emissions by 2030?
- Analyse the impact of fossil fuel dependency on global emissions and climate change.
- How can international cooperation enhance climate action and investment in renewable energy?
