The urgent need for climate justice has become increasingly apparent as communities reliant on forests face the dual challenges of environmental degradation and socio-economic marginalisation. Recent events, such as Cyclone Dana, have telld the critical role of mangrove ecosystems in climate resilience, while denoting the exclusion of Indigenous voices from environmental decision-making.
Historical Context of Forest Exploitation
The narrative surrounding forests in India has evolved from colonial times, when these areas were viewed as threats to civilised society. The British exploited forest resources while branding local communities as obstacles to progress. Post-independence, this exploitation transformed into large-scale deforestation and the forced displacement of forest dwellers, often justified as necessary for development. This history reflects a broader pattern of disregarding Indigenous knowledge and rights in favour of economic growth.
Current Challenges Faced by Forest Communities
Today, forest communities continue to grapple with the repercussions of urbanisation and deforestation. Between 2001 and 2022, India lost 4.1% of its primary humid forests, leading to biodiversity loss and exacerbating the climate crisis. Reports indicate that around 60% of Scheduled Tribe households live below the poverty line, revealing the socio-economic vulnerabilities that stem from environmental degradation. The migration of tribal populations, as documented between 2001 and 2011, further threatens cultural identities and community cohesion.
The Role of Ecosystems in Climate Resilience
Recent natural events, such as Cyclone Dana, have illustrated the protective functions of ecosystems like mangroves. The Bhitarkanika mangrove forest, for instance, acted as a natural buffer against the cyclone, emphasising the ecological significance of such habitats in safeguarding human settlements. This incident serves as a reminder of the inherent value of preserving natural ecosystems, not merely for their resources but for their role in climate resilience.
Voices of Indigenous Communities
Environmental lawyer Arpitha Kodiveri’s work, particularly her book “Governing Forests,” marks the disconnect between urban-centric policy-making and the realities faced by forest-dwelling communities, such as the Kondh and Dalit tribes. This disconnection often leads to policies that overlook the expertise and rights of those who have historically managed these lands. Similarly, the literary work of Mahasweta Devi in “Byadhkhanda” critiques the marginalisation of Indigenous communities, showcasing their struggles for land and identity.
Global Perspectives on Climate Justice
International forums, including COP28, have begun to acknowledge the importance of inclusive perspectives in environmental policy. However, there remains skepticism about whether these discussions will genuinely address the needs of Indigenous communities. The upcoming COP29 in Baku is viewed as a critical juncture to bridge gaps in climate action and finance, yet the effectiveness of these platforms in encouraging genuine dialogue and action remains uncertain.
The Power of Storytelling in Environmental Governance
Narratives from affected communities play a very important role in shaping a more participatory approach to environmental governance. These stories, while often lacking in quantitative data, convey the lived experiences and historical ties of communities to their land, urging policymakers to consider the human dimension of climate issues. As Mary Robinson aptly noted, personal responsibility for our communities and ecosystems is essential for encouraging climate justice.
Questions for UPSC:
- Discuss the impact of colonial policies on forest communities in India.
- Analyse the role of ecosystems in mitigating climate-related disasters.
- Evaluate the significance of Indigenous knowledge in environmental policy-making.
- What are the challenges faced by Scheduled Tribe households in India today?
- How can storytelling be utilised to enhance climate justice initiatives?
