COP16 – Urgent Action Needed for Land Degradation

The Conference of Parties (COP16) to the UN Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD) is currently taking place in Riyadh. This gathering of over 200 member states is crucial as it addresses the alarming issue of land degradation. A recent report marks that land degradation has reached a critical threshold, threatening the Earth’s ability to support human life. The report urges immediate action to combat this crisis.

About Land Degradation

Land degradation refers to the deterioration of the land’s productive capacity. It affects 15 million square kilometres globally, an area larger than Antarctica. Approximately 1.2 billion people live in regions impacted by this degradation. The report estimates that the area affected expands by about 1 million square kilometres each year.

Causes of Land Degradation

The primary drivers of land degradation include deforestation, urbanisation, and unsustainable agricultural practices. Conventional farming methods lead to soil erosion and pollution. Unsustainable irrigation depletes freshwater resources. The excessive use of chemical fertilisers disrupts ecosystems. Notably, 90% of deforestation is linked to cropland expansion.

Planetary Boundaries Framework

The planetary boundaries framework sets thresholds to maintain a stable Earth system. There are nine boundaries, and breaching them can lead to catastrophic environmental impacts. The land-system boundary has been breached since 1990, primarily measured by forest cover. Ideally, 75% of original forest cover should be maintained, but only 60% remains.

Impacts of Breaching Boundaries

Breaching the land-system boundary affects other planetary boundaries. Land degradation pressures climate change, freshwater resources, and biosphere integrity. Sustainable land management practices can enhance resilience and mitigate these pressures.

Call to Action

The UNCCD report emphasises the urgency of addressing land degradation. Without immediate action, the repercussions will extend to future generations. The UNCCD Executive Secretary warns that neglecting land management will intensify challenges for humanity.

Global Response and Solutions

A coordinated global response is essential. Sustainable land management practices can reverse degradation. This includes reforestation, improved agricultural practices, and responsible urban planning. Collaboration among nations is crucial to restore and protect vital land resources.

Questions for UPSC:

1. Examine the implications of land degradation on global food security.
2. Critically discuss the role of sustainable agriculture in combating land degradation.
3. Point out the connections between land degradation and climate change.
4. Analyse the effectiveness of international agreements in addressing land degradation issues.

Answer Hints:

1. Examine the implications of land degradation on global food security.

1. Land degradation reduces soil fertility, leading to lower agricultural yields.
2. 1.2 billion people affected by land degradation face increased food insecurity.
3. Decreased crop production can lead to higher food prices and malnutrition.
4. Unsustainable farming practices exacerbate the problem, creating a cycle of degradation.
5. Mitigating land degradation is essential for ensuring sustainable food systems.

2. Critically discuss the role of sustainable agriculture in combating land degradation.

1. Sustainable agriculture practices enhance soil health and prevent erosion.
2. Techniques like crop rotation and agroforestry improve biodiversity and resilience.
3. Reducing chemical fertilizer use can stabilize ecosystems and reduce pollution.
4. Implementing sustainable irrigation can conserve freshwater resources.
5. Education and resources for farmers are vital for transitioning to sustainable practices.

3. Point out the connections between land degradation and climate change.

1. Land degradation contributes to increased greenhouse gas emissions.
2. Deforestation reduces carbon sequestration capacity, exacerbating climate change.
3. Changes in land use can alter local and global climate patterns.
4. Climate change impacts soil health, furthering degradation risks.
5. Addressing land degradation can be strategy in climate mitigation efforts.

4. Analyse the effectiveness of international agreements in addressing land degradation issues.

1. International agreements like UNCCD aim to promote sustainable land management globally.
2. Progress is often hindered by lack of enforcement and funding for initiatives.
3. Collaboration among member states is crucial for sharing best practices and technologies.
4. Monitoring and reporting mechanisms are necessary for accountability and effectiveness.
5. Success stories from various countries highlight the potential of coordinated global efforts.