Recent events in South Asia reveal a common thread of corruption triggering widespread unrest. Countries like Nepal, Bangladesh, and Sri Lanka have witnessed regime changes marked by violence and civil conflict. Citizens, especially the youth, have protested against corrupt leadership, leading to political upheavals. This pattern marks corruption as a critical factor destabilising governments and societies in the region.
Corruption as a Catalyst for Political Unrest
Corruption at the highest levels of government erodes trust and legitimacy. It spreads through the administrative machinery, creating systemic dysfunction. When corruption crosses a threshold, public anger intensifies, often resulting in mass protests and regime change. This cycle has repeated in Nepal under K. P. Sharma Oli, Bangladesh under Sheikh Hasina, and Sri Lanka under the Rajapaksa family.
External Influences and Cognitive Warfare
Foreign powers have increasingly used non-military means to influence political outcomes. Cognitive warfare, involving psychological operations and information manipulation, has emerged as a tool. In Bangladesh, refusal to cede strategic territory led to targeted campaigns by Western agencies, culminating in leadership change. Such covert operations exploit societal divisions and youth discontent to destabilise governments.
Regional Security Dynamics and Proxy Involvement
Neighbouring countries and intelligence agencies often play roles in regional instability. Pakistan’s Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI) has been implicated in supporting unrest in Nepal and other areas. These interventions aim to weaken governments opposed to external interests. India remains vigilant against similar attempts but faces challenges due to its vastness and diversity.
India’s Vulnerabilities and Preparedness
India confronts corruption challenges that threaten social harmony and governance. Some states exhibit alarming levels of corruption, risking large-scale unrest. To counter this, security forces must maintain high alertness and conduct regular drills. Armed forces should be integrated into rapid response plans with clear Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) to assist civil authorities promptly.
Strategic Importance of Border Regions
Sensitive areas like the Siliguri corridor near Bangladesh require special focus. Regular military flag marches there can deter hostile sleeper cells and reassure citizens. Delays in deploying the Army during law-and-order crises can worsen damage. Establishing SOPs to enable swift military aid is vital for national security and public safety.
Need for Coordinated Governance and Security Policies
Law and order is primarily a state responsibility but demands cooperation with the central government. A unified approach is essential to prevent and manage unrest effectively. Developing and implementing SOPs across states will reduce response times and damage. This collaboration is crucial to uphold democratic stability and protect citizens’ welfare.
Questions for UPSC:
- Discuss in the light of recent South Asian political unrest how corruption influences regime stability and public trust.
- Critically examine the role of cognitive warfare and psychological operations in modern geopolitical conflicts with examples from South Asia.
- Explain the strategic significance of border regions like the Siliguri corridor in India’s national security and internal stability.
- With suitable examples, discuss the importance of coordinated civil-military cooperation in managing internal security challenges in India.
