Cotton Farming Challenges in India

In recent years, cotton farming in North India has faced severe challenges. The emergence of whiteflies and pink bollworms has drastically reduced cotton yields and cultivation area. In Punjab, cotton was grown on only one lakh hectares in 2024, drop from eight lakh hectares three decades ago. This decline has adversely affected the ginning industry, with only 22 operational ginning units remaining in Punjab, down from 422 in 2004. Farmers are now advocating for the swift approval of Bollgard-3, a new genetically modified (GM) cotton variety developed by Monsanto.

Genetic Modification in Cotton

Bollgard-3 is a pest-resistant Bt cotton variety. It contains three Bt proteins – Cry1Ac, Cry2Ab, and Vip3A. These proteins disrupt the gut function of pests, leading to their death. This genetic modification allows for healthier cotton crops and increased yields. Previous Bt cotton varieties, Bollgard-1 and Bollgard-2, introduced in 2002 and 2006 respectively, have shown some pest resistance. However, they are ineffective against the recent pest invasions.

Current Status of Bollgard-3

Despite its potential, Bollgard-3 is currently unavailable in India. It is already in use in other cotton-growing nations. The more accessible option is Bollgard-2 Roundup Ready Flex (BG-2RRF). This herbicide-tolerant variety is pending final regulatory approval. BG-2RRF enables better weed control without harming the cotton plant. This is crucial for improving yields.

Regulatory Hurdles

The introduction of BG-2RRF has faced delays due to regulatory challenges. Trials for this variety were conducted in India in 2012-13, but commercial use applications are still pending. Experts believe that BG-2RRF can be a stepping stone for future seed technologies. Its adoption could mitigate pest risks by eliminating weeds that host pests.

Alternative Solutions for Farmers

While waiting for GM varieties, farmers are encouraged to adopt better agronomic practices. These include proper seeding techniques and mulching. High-density planting and drip fertigation are recommended to optimise water and fertiliser use. However, pest management continues to be hurdle for cotton farmers.

Comparative Global Yields

The disparity in cotton yields between India and other countries is stark. Brazil, for instance, utilises Bollgard-5, a more advanced variety that offers protection against multiple pests and weeds. Brazilian cotton yields reach approximately 2400 kg per hectare, while India averages only 450 kg. This yield gap marks the urgent need for advanced technologies in Indian cotton farming.

Economic Implications

The economic viability of cotton farming in India is under threat. Currently, Indian farmers face a profit margin of only 15% even during bumper harvests without pest attacks. In contrast, Brazilian farmers enjoy profit margins of 85%. This economic disparity puts stress on the importance of adopting advanced cotton varieties to ensure the sustainability of the industry.

Questions for UPSC:

1. Examine the impact of genetically modified crops on agricultural productivity in India.
2. Discuss in the light of current agricultural challenges, the role of biotechnology in enhancing crop resilience.
3. What are the regulatory challenges faced by genetically modified organisms in India? How do these affect farmers?
4. Critically discuss the economic implications of adopting advanced seed technologies in cotton farming compared to traditional methods.

Answer Hints:

1. Examine the impact of genetically modified crops on agricultural productivity in India.

1. Genetically modified (GM) crops, like Bt cotton, have shown increased yields due to pest resistance.
2. GM crops can reduce the need for chemical pesticides, lowering production costs for farmers.
3. Adoption of GM varieties has led to improved income for farmers in regions where they are permitted.
4. However, access to these crops is limited due to regulatory hurdles, impacting overall productivity.
5. Long-term studies indicate potential for sustainable agricultural practices through GM technology.

2. Discuss in the light of current agricultural challenges, the role of biotechnology in enhancing crop resilience.

1. Biotechnology offers solutions like pest-resistant crops, which can withstand emerging threats like whiteflies and pink bollworms.
2. GM crops can improve resource-use efficiency, such as water and nutrients, crucial in challenging climates.
3. Biotech advancements can lead to varieties with enhanced tolerance to diseases and environmental stresses.
4. Research and development in biotechnology can address food security issues by increasing crop yields.
5. However, public perception and regulatory frameworks can hinder the adoption of biotechnological innovations.

3. What are the regulatory challenges faced by genetically modified organisms in India? How do these affect farmers?

1. Regulatory processes for GM crops in India are lengthy and complex, delaying approvals for new technologies.
2. Stringent testing and safety assessments can stifle innovation and timely access to beneficial crops.
3. Farmers face uncertainty regarding crop selection due to the lack of available GM options in the market.
4. Delays in approvals can lead to economic losses for farmers, especially in pest-prone regions.
5. Inconsistent policies across states can create confusion and limit the adoption of GM crops.

4. Critically discuss the economic implications of adopting advanced seed technologies in cotton farming compared to traditional methods.

1. Advanced seed technologies can increase cotton yields, improving profitability for farmers.
2. Higher yields from GM crops can lead to reduced costs associated with pest management and input usage.
3. Farmers adopting advanced technologies may experience better market competitiveness and sustainability.
4. Traditional methods often result in lower yields and higher vulnerability to pests, affecting economic viability.
5. However, initial costs for advanced seeds and potential market access issues may pose challenges for farmers.