As of October 2024, India is grappling with the severe impacts of Cyclone Dana, which has been reported to make landfall along the coasts of Odisha and West Bengal. With wind speeds reaching up to 117 km/h, the storm has prompted extensive evacuations, denoting the urgency of understanding cyclonic phenomena and their implications for coastal communities.
About Cyclone Landfall
Landfall refers to the moment a tropical cyclone moves from over water to land. It is defined by the centre of the storm, or its eye, crossing the coastline. This transition is critical as it marks a shift in the cyclone’s behaviour and potential impact. Notably, landfall should not be confused with a direct hit, where the most intense winds, or the eyewall, strike the coast directly, potentially causing even greater damage.
Impacts of Cyclone Landfall
The damage caused by a cyclone’s landfall can be extensive and varies based on the cyclone’s strength. Wind speeds, rainfall, and storm surges contribute to the destruction of infrastructure, including homes and transportation networks. Cyclone Dana, for instance, poses threats such as: – Damage to kutcha (temporary) houses – Disruption of power and communication lines – Flooding of escape routes The combination of strong winds and heavy rainfall often leads to severe flooding, which can devastate coastal areas.
Duration of Cyclone Landfall
The duration of a cyclone’s landfall can vary, typically lasting from a few hours to several days, depending on the storm’s size and wind speed. For Cyclone Dana, the landfall is expected to last approximately five to six hours, with sustained winds around 125 km/h. Interestingly, cyclones begin to lose their strength once they move over land due to a decrease in moisture supply and increased surface friction. This means that while the landfall is usually the most destructive phase, it also signifies the beginning of the cyclone’s dissipation.
Historical Context of Cyclones in India
India has a long history of cyclonic storms impacting its coastline, with the Bay of Bengal being particularly prone to such events. Notably, the 1999 Odisha cyclone remains one of the deadliest, claiming thousands of lives and causing extensive damage. The Indian Meteorological Department (IMD) has since improved its forecasting and early warning systems, reducing casualties in recent years.
Preventive Measures and Preparedness
In light of the increasing frequency and intensity of cyclones, preparedness is crucial. Evacuation plans, public awareness campaigns, and infrastructure improvements are essential for minimising the impact of such disasters. Coastal states like Odisha have implemented robust measures, including early warning systems and community drills, to ensure that residents are well-informed and ready to respond.
Questions for UPSC:
- Explain the concept of cyclone landfall and its significance in disaster management.
- Discuss the factors that contribute to the damage caused by cyclones during landfall.
- Evaluate the effectiveness of India’s cyclone warning systems and preparedness measures.
- Analyze the historical impact of cyclones on India’s coastal regions.
- What measures can be taken to improve resilience against cyclonic storms in vulnerable areas?
