Dayanand Saraswati

Dayanand Saraswati, born on February 12, 1824, in Morbi, Gujarat, is figure in Indian history. He founded the Arya Samaj in 1875, aiming to address social inequities and promote education. His efforts were very important in the socio-religious reform movements of the 19th century. The Arya Samaj emerged as a monotheistic Hindu order, rejecting ritualistic practices and advocating for a united Hindu society based on Vedic principles.

Founding of Arya Samaj

In 1875, Dayanand Saraswati established the Arya Samaj to counteract social injustices. The organisation aimed to eradicate ignorance, poverty, and injustice. It promoted education and social reforms while adhering to Vedic teachings. The Arya Samaj is not a new religion but a reform movement within Hinduism.

Core Beliefs

Dayanand rejected idolatry and excessive rituals. He advocated for women’s education and denounced child marriage and untouchability. His teachings emphasised respect for all individuals, aligning with Vedic notions of humanity. He believed that caste should not be hereditary but based on individual merit.

Literary Contributions

His seminal work, *Satyarth Prakash*, published in 1875, called for a return to Vedic principles. The book sought to revive Hinduism in the face of missionary activities. It promoted the worship of one Supreme God and simple rituals. Dayanand also supported the concept of shuddhi, encouraging the reconversion of individuals from other religions back to Hinduism.

Cow Protection Advocacy

Dayanand was an early proponent of cow protection. In 1881, he published *Gokarun·aˉnidhi*, denoting the economic benefits of keeping cows alive. He founded the Gaurakshini Sabha in 1882 to promote cow welfare. His arguments centred on the utility of cows in agriculture and dairy production.

Impact and Legacy

Following his death in 1883, followers established the Dayanand Anglo Vedic (DAV) School in Punjab. This institution aimed to blend modern education with traditional values. His vision continues to resonate with contemporary educational policies, such as the New Education Policy of 2020.

Influence on Indian Independence

Dayanand Saraswati is credited with introducing the term “swaraj” or self-rule in 1875. This concept later influenced leaders like Lokmanya Tilak and Mahatma Gandhi. His teachings laid the groundwork for future socio-political movements in India.

Philosophy of Equality

Dayanand’s philosophy promoted universalism, challenging the caste system and advocating for Vedic education for all. He opposed untouchability, viewing it as a product of Brahmanical dominance. His progressive views on women’s rights were revolutionary for his time.

Questions for UPSC:

1. Discuss the role of Dayanand Saraswati in the socio-religious reform movements of 19th century India.
2. Critically examine the impact of the Arya Samaj on modern Indian society and education.
3. Explain the significance of Dayanand Saraswati’s philosophy in the context of contemporary social issues.
4. With suitable examples, discuss the influence of Dayanand Saraswati on the Indian independence movement.

Answer Hints:

1. Discuss the role of Dayanand Saraswati in the socio-religious reform movements of 19th century India.

1. Founded Arya Samaj in 1875 to counter social inequities and promote education.
2. Rejected idolatry and excessive rituals, advocating for a return to Vedic principles.
3. Supported women’s education and fought against child marriage and untouchability.
4. Emphasized universalism and the idea that caste should be based on merit, not heredity.
5. Influenced other reformers and social movements, laying groundwork for modern Hindu identity.

2. Critically examine the impact of the Arya Samaj on modern Indian society and education.

1. Promoted modern education while preserving cultural and religious values through DAV schools.
2. Facilitated social reforms, addressing issues like caste discrimination and women’s rights.
3. Encouraged critical thinking and scientific temper among followers, shaping modern educational practices.
4. Played role in the revival of Hindu identity and pride during colonial rule.
5. Continues to influence contemporary socio-religious movements and educational policies in India.

3. Explain the significance of Dayanand Saraswati’s philosophy in the context of contemporary social issues.

1. Advocated for equality and universal respect, relevant to current anti-discrimination movements.
2. His rejection of untouchability aligns with ongoing efforts to eradicate caste-based inequalities.
3. Promotion of women’s education resonates with modern gender equality initiatives.
4. Emphasis on critical thinking and rationality contributes to contemporary debates on superstition and blind faith.
5. His call for social justice serves as a foundation for various reform movements .

4. With suitable examples, discuss the influence of Dayanand Saraswati on the Indian independence movement.

1. Introduced the term “swaraj” (self-rule), influencing leaders like Tilak and Gandhi.
2. His teachings on social reform inspired activists to seek a more just society, crucial for independence.
3. Encouraged reconversion (shuddhi), encouraging a sense of unity among Hindus against colonial rule.
4. His emphasis on education helped empower future leaders and freedom fighters.
5. Influenced the socio-political landscape, motivating the masses to participate in the independence struggle.