The Department of Biotechnology (DBT) has recently issued guidelines making research into Genetically Modified (GM) crops easier, overcoming hurdles associated with using foreign genes to alter crop profiles. Previously, the government allowed genome-edited plants under the Genetic Engineering Appraisal Committee (GEAC), bypassing some of the more burdensome GM regulation.
Key Features of the New Guidelines
One of the notable aspects of the guidelines is that they exempt researchers using gene-editing technology from seeking approvals from GEAC. The committee evaluates GM plant research and recommends or disapproves their release on a case-by-case basis. However, the final decision remains in the hands of the Environment Minister and relevant state authorities. The Ministry of Environment has also approved this exemption.
Addressing Issues in Genetic Modification
GM plants, particularly those using transgenic technology or introducing a foreign species’ gene, have drawn scrutiny. An example is BT-cotton, which uses a gene from a soil bacterium to confer pest resistance – this method has raised concerns about gene spread to neighbouring plants and potential unexpected effects, making it controversial.
The Promise of Genome Editing
Genome editing allows for modification of a plant’s existing genes without foreign gene insertion common in GM crops. Genome-edited varieties do not contain foreign DNA and are virtually indistinguishable from crops developed through traditional breeding methods or naturally occurring mutations.
Approaches to Genome Editing
Several genome editing techniques have been developed, including the well-known CRISPR-Cas9. This tool has revolutionized plant breeding by enabling scientists to make specific changes to the genetic sequence. The editing process is divided into three categories, SDN 1, SDN 2, and SDN 3, depending on the nature of the edit. Both SDN 1 and SDN 2 do not involve foreign genetic material, while SDN 3 involves large DNA elements or full-length foreign genes.
Global Trends in Genome Editing
Genome editing is currently being used in about 40 crops across 25 countries. The technology leaders in this field are the USA and China, who have applied it to crops like rice, maize, canola, soybean, and tomato to enhance their resistance to climate change.
Gene Editing vs Genetically Modifying
The processes of gene editing and genetic modification differ significantly. Genetic modification typically involves introducing a new gene from one species into another, resulting in genetically modified organisms like Bt corn and cotton. In contrast, gene editing involves making small modifications to an organism’s existing DNA, making these changes difficult to detect as they resemble natural mutations.
The Significance of Genome Technique
Genome editing technology holds great promise, especially for improving disease resistance in oilseed and pulse crop varieties, and efficient development of new agricultural crop varieties.
Concerns with Genome Editing Technique
Despite its potential, there are serious concerns regarding this technology. Environmentalists oppose GM crops citing bio safety and data insufficiency. Regulatory bodies have been slow to approve the introduction of GM crops in India, with Bt cotton being the only exception. There is also concern that gene editing techniques can result in unintended consequences that may alter plant toxicity and allergenicity.
The Future of Genome Technology
To effectively harness the potential of genome technology, rationalized regulatory regimes need to be strengthened. This means streamlining technology approvals and implementing science-based decisions. Strict oversight is necessary to ensure safety protocols are adhered to and prevent the unchecked spread of illegal GM crops.