Decline in Waterbird Species in Pathanamthitta

The recent census of waterbirds in Pathanamthitta district reveals a concerning trend. Despite an increase in the total bird population, the number of species has declined. Conducted on January 12, 2025, the survey involved ten wetlands and was led by Pathanamthitta Birders in collaboration with the Forest department’s Social Forestry wing. This census is part of a broader Asian waterbird survey spanning multiple countries.

Survey Overview

The 2025 survey recorded 7,873 birds across 65 species. This marks an increase from last year’s count of 6,174 birds from 67 species. The highest number of birds was noted in the Cherikkal region, with 1,832 individuals from 49 species. Conversely, Vallikode Vayal reported only 243 birds from 21 species. The data indicates shifting patterns in bird populations within the region’s wetlands.

Key Species Observed

The survey brought into light several notable sightings. Among them were near-threatened species as classified by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). These included the painted stork, woolly-necked stork, and spot-billed pelican. Additionally, various long-distance migratory species were recorded, such as the greater spotted eagle and western marsh harrier.

Environmental Concerns

The survey teams expressed serious concerns regarding the ecological health of the district’s waterbodies. Factors such as lack of cultivation, encroachment by invasive plants, and solid waste dumping were identified as threats. Jiji Sam, president of Pathanamthitta Birders, specifically pointed out Polachira as an area facing severe environmental degradation. Once a sanctuary for diverse bird species, Polachira is now under considerable ecological stress.

Future Conservation Efforts

The census data will be submitted to Wetlands International through the state coordinator P.O. Nameer. A comprehensive report will also be prepared for the Forest department. B. Rahul, Assistant Conservator of the social afforestation section, stated that the survey data will play important role in guiding wetland conservation efforts in the district.

Importance of Wetland Conservation

Wetlands are vital ecosystems that support a variety of wildlife. They serve as critical habitats for many bird species, both migratory and resident. The health of these ecosystems is essential for maintaining biodiversity. Conservation efforts are necessary to ensure the survival of threatened species and the overall ecological balance.

Broader Context of Waterbird Conservation

The census in Pathanamthitta is part of a larger initiative to monitor waterbird populations across Asia. This regional effort aims to assess the ecological health of wetlands and inform conservation strategies. Collaboration among various stakeholders, including local birders and government departments, is key to successful conservation outcomes.

Questions for UPSC:

1. Critically examine the impact of environmental degradation on biodiversity in wetland ecosystems.
2. Discuss in the light of recent surveys, the significance of migratory birds in maintaining ecological balance.
3. What are the major threats faced by wetlands in India? How do these threats affect local bird populations?
4. Explain the role of local communities in wetland conservation efforts. What challenges do they face?

Answer Hints:

1. Critically examine the impact of environmental degradation on biodiversity in wetland ecosystems.

1. Environmental degradation leads to habitat loss, reducing the diversity of species that can thrive in wetlands.
2. Pollution from waste dumping and agricultural runoff affects water quality, harming aquatic life and birds.
3. Invasive species can outcompete native flora and fauna, disrupting the ecological balance.
4. Changes in water levels due to climate change or human activity can alter habitats critical for breeding and feeding.
5. Overall biodiversity loss can destabilize ecosystems, leading to further decline in species and ecological health.

2. Discuss in the light of recent surveys, the significance of migratory birds in maintaining ecological balance.

1. Migratory birds play important role in pollination and seed dispersal, contributing to plant diversity.
2. They act as indicators of environmental health, signaling changes in ecosystems that may affect other species.
3. These birds help control insect populations, maintaining ecological balance and reducing crop damage.
4. Migratory patterns can link different ecosystems, facilitating genetic exchange among bird populations.
5. Their presence supports local economies through ecotourism, promoting conservation efforts.

3. What are the major threats faced by wetlands in India? How do these threats affect local bird populations?

1. Urbanization and industrialization lead to habitat destruction and fragmentation of wetland areas.
2. Agricultural expansion often results in the draining of wetlands for crop production.
3. Pollution from agricultural runoff and urban waste severely impacts water quality, affecting bird health.
4. Invasive species can dominate native flora, reducing habitat availability for local bird species.
5. Climate change results in altered rainfall patterns and increased flooding or drought, affecting breeding success.

4. Explain the role of local communities in wetland conservation efforts. What challenges do they face?

1. Local communities often serve as stewards of wetlands, engaging in monitoring and conservation activities.
2. They can provide traditional knowledge about local ecosystems, enhancing conservation strategies.
3. Community involvement encourages a sense of ownership, leading to more sustainable practices and support for conservation initiatives.
4. Challenges include lack of awareness about the importance of wetlands and limited resources for conservation efforts.
5. Conflicts with development projects and insufficient government support can hinder effective conservation actions.