The Tamil Nadu State Department of Archaeology announced initiative to conduct deep-sea archaeological excavations along the coast of Tamil Nadu. This project aims to explore the ancient maritime trade of the Tamils, particularly focusing on Poompuhar, an ancient port city. The initiative was brought into light during the presentation of the Tamil Nadu Budget for 2025-26 by Finance Minister Thangam Thennarasu.
Historical Context of Poompuhar
Poompuhar, known as Kaveripoompattinam, was an important port city of the early Cholas. It is believed to have existed around 2,500 years ago and is mentioned in Sangam literature. The city is situated where the Cauvery River meets the Bay of Bengal. Its historical significance lies in its role as a trade gateway to Southeast Asia.
Previous Archaeological Efforts
Deep-sea excavations are not new to Poompuhar. In the 1980s, the Tamil Nadu State Department of Archaeology collaborated with the National Institute of Oceanography. They conducted geophysical surveys using advanced technologies such as side-scan sonar and echo sounders. These surveys revealed structures at depths of 20-30 metres, hinting at Poompuhar’s vibrant past.
Significant Discoveries
Earlier explorations led to the discovery of a shipwreck and other man-made structures. A notable shipwreck was found 4.5 kilometres offshore, made of iron and heavily encrusted with marine life. Additionally, a megalithic structure was located offshore, showcasing ancient architectural techniques. Discoveries from the 1990s included brick formations and ceramics, dated between the Second Century BCE and the Fourth Century CE.
Recent Findings and Artefacts
In 2004, the INS Darshak uncovered a U-shaped structure at a depth of 23 metres. Artefacts recovered included lead ingots marked with the name ‘W. Blackett’ and a two-metre-long cannon. These finds suggest a rich maritime history and trade networks involving the Dutch and British.
Significance of the Excavations
Experts believe these excavations will provide deeper vital information about the seafaring heritage of the Tamils. The Tamil community has a longstanding tradition of maritime activities, as reflected in ancient literary works. The findings could illuminate the cultural exchanges that occurred through trade routes.
Future Prospects
The Tamil Nadu State Department of Archaeology aims to expand its archaeological efforts to other ancient sites like Korkai, the early capital of the Pandyas. The ongoing research will enhance understanding of ancient Tamil culture and its maritime legacy.
Questions for UPSC:
- Critically examine the impact of maritime trade on the socio-economic development of ancient civilisations.
- Discuss in the light of archaeological evidence the significance of port cities in the ancient Indian trade network.
- Explain the role of ancient Tamil literature in understanding maritime history.
- Comment on the methods used in underwater archaeology and their effectiveness in uncovering historical sites.