Air pollution has become a critical concern in modern cities, particularly in places like Delhi. A potential solution that has recently gained significant attention is the use of dust suppressants. This article will delve into what dust suppressants are, their efficacy, other technological interventions for curbing air pollution and government initiatives to combat the problem.
Understanding Dust Suppressants
Dust suppressants are composed mainly of calcium or magnesium salts. These are mixed with water and sprayed on roads to effectively decrease the amount of dust, providing relief from airborne particulate matter for extended periods. The Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) conducted a study which indicated that this method was more effective at controlling pollution than traditional methods such as water spraying. In fact, they observed up to a 30% reduction in dust concentration, including PM10, PM2.5, and PM1, at construction sites and roads following the application of dust suppressants. Subsequently, the CPCB recommended the use of dust suppressants on excavated earth surfaces, construction and demolition waste piles, and access roads in construction areas.
Technological Interventions for Pollution Reduction
Other than dust suppressants, several technological interventions have been implemented to curb air pollution. One such intervention is ionisation technology, which neutralises pollutants through ionisation processes, thereby enhancing air quality in specific areas.
The Wind Augmentation and Air Purifying Unit (WAYU) also plays a role in air pollution control. It can be positioned in industrial complexes, residential complexes, and schools near traffic road intersection/dividers. It operates based on two principles: wind generation for dilution of air pollutants and the active removal of pollutants.
Medium/Large-Scale Smog Towers have been installed with an aim to reduce particulate matter and pollutants on a larger scale. Meanwhile, the Department of Science and Technology (DST) is developing an indigenous photonic system for real-time remote air quality monitoring, which hopes to improve data accuracy and foster better-informed pollution management.
Government Initiatives Against Air Pollution
The government has launched several initiatives to combat air pollution. These include the National Clean Air Programme (NCAP), the introduction of BS-VI vehicles, the Turbo Happy Seeder (THS), and a dashboard for monitoring air quality.
The NCAP is an umbrella scheme aiming to address issues of air pollution. BS-VI vehicles are designed with higher emission standards to ensure lesser pollution. The THS is a technology that helps in managing paddy residue and reducing the need for stubble burning, which causes air pollution.
The Air Quality and Weather Forecasting and Research (SAFAR) is another initiative used for monitoring air quality and making necessary forecasts. The National Air Quality Index (AQI) provides real-time air quality status and important health messages for major cities. The Graded Response Action Plan (Delhi) is a set of emergency measures to be taken when air quality deteriorates.
The fight against air pollution also includes regular evaluation of air quality. For instance, the UPSC Civil Services Examination includes questions to assess the understanding of candidates on air quality parameters, including the measurement of atmospheric gases like carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide, and methane.
Finally, the revised Global Air Quality Guidelines (AQGs) released by the World Health Organisation indicate changes needed in India’s National Clean Air Programme to achieve revised standards. These guidelines provide updated information on how air pollution affects our health and set more ambitious targets for air quality around the world.