The Glorious Revolution of 1688-1689 marked a significant turning point in English history, as it laid the foundation for a constitutional monarchy and parliamentary democracy. This event led to the establishment of certain rights and privileges for the people, which have had lasting impacts on the governance of England.
Establishment of Rights and Parliamentary Powers
One of the most fundamental rights guaranteed following the Glorious Revolution was the right to petition the government. This allowed the people to formally request changes or express grievances without fear of retribution. Additionally, protections were put in place against unjust fines, excessive bails, and punishments, ensuring a fairer legal process for the citizens of England.
The revolution’s most profound effect was the transformation of England into a democratic nation, albeit one still under royal rule. This progression towards democracy continued even amidst the strains of various wars. The reign of George I, from 1714 to 1727, was particularly notable for the significant increase in the powers of Parliament.
Succession and the Rise of the Hanover Dynasty
The death of Queen Anne without any surviving children led to the ascension of George I, a German prince, to the English throne. He became the first ruler of the Hanover Dynasty, which later evolved into the House of Windsor that continues to rule England today. George I’s lack of familiarity with the English language and customs meant he had to rely heavily on his cabinet or prime ministers to manage the affairs of the state.
These ministers, who were selected by the majority party in Parliament, effectively placed the governance of the nation in the hands of Parliament. This shift of power was a crucial step in the development of a system where the monarch had less direct influence over the daily running of the country.
Legislative Developments and the Septennial Act
Parliament’s influence was further solidified with the passing of the Septennial Act in 1716. This legislation allowed Parliament to remain in session for up to seven years before new elections were required. This extension provided greater stability and continuity in governance, allowing Parliament to undertake longer-term planning and implementation of policies without the constant pressure of imminent elections.
Social Hierarchy and Voting Rights
Despite these advances toward a more democratic system, the government of England remained dominated by the upper classes. A staggering ninety percent of the population, primarily those without property, were disenfranchised and unable to vote. This limitation on voting rights meant that the vast majority of the population had no direct say in the election of their representatives or the formulation of laws that governed them.
The House of Lords, consisting entirely of nobles by birthright and not subject to election, retained significant power and was as influential as the elected House of Commons. This imbalance in representation highlighted the ongoing social and political inequalities despite the strides made towards a more democratic society.
Questions for UPSC
1. How did the Glorious Revolution contribute to the development of constitutional monarchy and democracy in England?
2. What role did George I’s reliance on his cabinet play in shifting the balance of power towards Parliament in the early 18th century?
3. In what ways did the Septennial Act influence the functioning and stability of the English Parliament?