The evolution of the British political system during the 18th and early 19th centuries set the stage for modern democratic politics. A key figure in this development was Sir Robert Walpole, whose tenure as Prime Minister helped to establish foundational principles for the Cabinet and the House of Commons that are still relevant today. These changes unfolded alongside the crystallization of a formal party system, which would eventually become a hallmark of democratic governance.
Establishing Cabinet Homogeneity and Parliamentary Support
During his time in office, Walpole’s approach to governance underscored the importance of a politically uniform Cabinet. This meant that members of the Cabinet were expected to share similar political views and goals, ensuring cohesive decision-making and policy implementation. The requirement for the Cabinet to have sufficient backing within the House of Commons was another principle that became firmly rooted during this period. Such support was crucial for the passage of legislation and for maintaining the confidence of Parliament—a concept that remains integral to parliamentary systems around the world.
Legitimacy of Political Opposition
Another significant development during Walpole’s era was the recognition of political opposition as a legitimate and loyal part of the political process. When Walpole was compelled to leave office in 1742, his adversaries attempted to impeach him but were unsuccessful. This event demonstrated that political rivals could challenge those in power without being branded as traitors. It established the notion that healthy political discourse and opposition were not only permissible but necessary for a functioning democracy.
Emergence of a Party System
Simultaneously, the early 18th century witnessed the emergence of a more structured party system. Initially, political groupings were merely alignments of personal factions known as Whigs and Tories, representing liberal and conservative ideologies respectively. However, by the early 19th century, these factions had evolved into two distinct and stable political parties. The growth of the party system was closely intertwined with the strengthening of the Cabinet; the party provided a framework for rallying support for the Cabinet, while the Cabinet acted as a focal point around which the party could organize and expand.
Democratic Politics (1815–50)
The Condition of England
By the mid-19th century, England had undergone a profound transformation, earning the title of “the workshop of the world.” Commercial activities thrived, industrial productivity surged, and exports reached new heights. Britain’s manufacturing prowess was unmatched, and its empire extended across various continents. Despite these indicators of success, not all citizens shared in the prosperity. For many, the period of optimism had faded, replaced by a sense of uncertainty about what the future held.
Questions for UPSC
1. How did Sir Robert Walpole’s tenure contribute to the development of the principle that political opposition is legitimate within a democracy?
2. In what ways did the evolving party system in Britain during the 18th and early 19th centuries influence the relationship between the Cabinet and the House of Commons?
3. Considering the economic conditions of England between 1815 and 1850, how did industrialization and expansion of the empire impact the social and political landscape of the country?