The formation of nation-states in Europe was a pivotal development in the history of the continent. It marked the transition from feudal systems to centralized governments and set the stage for modern statehood. While some European regions successfully merged into unified nations, others faced challenges that delayed their consolidation.
Union of Aragon and Castile
The marriage of Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castile in 1479 was a significant event that led to the unification of Spain. This union laid the foundation for the eventual creation of one nation. Although the Kingdoms of Aragon and Castile maintained their separate identities for a period, they collaborated on common policies. This strategic alliance culminated in the final expulsion of the Moors from the Iberian Peninsula and marked the rise of Spain as a consolidated monarchy.
The Emergence of Portugal and Holland
During the same era, other European regions were also evolving into nation-states. Portugal, with its maritime prowess, and Holland, known for its trade and commerce, were both navigating the path toward becoming unified states. Their progress toward nation-state status was indicative of a broader trend across Europe, where centralized governance was becoming increasingly prevalent.
Challenges in Italy and Germany
Unlike their Iberian and Dutch counterparts, Italy and Germany faced obstacles on their journey to becoming nation-states. Despite the decline of feudalism by the 15th century, these regions remained politically fragmented. In Italy, a burgeoning middle class emerged due to lucrative trade with the East. However, external interference from the Pope and other European powers, such as Austria and France, hindered Italy’s unification.
Germany’s situation was somewhat different. The German dukes held considerable power and were fiercely protective of their autonomy. Rather than focusing on uniting their own country, they were often more involved in Italian affairs. This preoccupation with external politics contributed to Germany’s delayed nation-state formation.
Legal Recognition of Nation-States
By the mid-17th century, the concept of the nation-state had gained widespread acceptance in Europe. The Peace of Westphalia, a series of treaties signed in 1648, legally recognized the sovereignty of nation-states. This historic agreement marked a turning point in European diplomacy and international law, establishing the principles of territorial integrity and non-interference in the internal affairs of nations. Despite this milestone, some countries like Germany and Italy remained divided, recognized as nations but not yet fully-fledged nation-states.
Questions for UPSC
1. How did the Treaty of Westphalia contribute to the evolution of the modern nation-state system in Europe?
2. In what ways did external political influences impede the formation of Italy as a unified nation-state during the 15th century?
3. Compare and contrast the factors that enabled the successful establishment of nation-states in Spain and Portugal with those that delayed the unification of Germany and Italy.