The French Revolution was a monumental period in history, marking the transition from the feudal system of the Ancien Régime to a new order championing the principles of Liberty, Equality, and Fraternity. The cahiers, or notebooks, used during this time were instrumental in bringing about change. They reflected the influence of prominent Enlightenment thinkers such as Adam Smith, Jeremy Bentham, and Jean-Jacques Rousseau. These cahiers served as a testament to the bourgeoisie’s desire to dismantle the existing political, economic, and social structures and to establish a society based on the ideals of these philosophers.
Influence of Enlightenment Thinkers
The cahiers de doléances were essentially lists of grievances and suggestions compiled by various estates in France before the convening of the Estates-General in 1789. Their content was heavily influenced by the ideas of several Enlightenment thinkers. Adam Smith’s “The Wealth of Nations” inspired economic reforms, advocating for free-market policies and opposing mercantilist practices. Jeremy Bentham’s “Principles of Legislation” introduced utilitarian concepts, suggesting laws should be crafted for the greatest happiness of the greatest number. Meanwhile, Rousseau’s “The Social Contract” emphasized the importance of political legitimacy and collective sovereignty. The bourgeoisie embraced these philosophies to justify their push for a new societal structure.
The National Assembly and Its Reforms
From 1789 to 1791, the National Assembly was the governing body in France. This initial phase of the Revolution saw the implementation of significant reforms aimed at establishing individual liberty, social equality, and democratic nationalism. One of the most radical changes was the complete abolition of feudalism. This meant that taxes would now be levied based on income, ensuring a fairer distribution of fiscal responsibilities. Public expenses were also to be shared equally among all citizens. The clergy agreed to relinquish its tithes, and the nobility gave up its age-old privileges. Furthermore, the National Assembly prohibited the sale of judicial offices and positions, making civil, ecclesiastical, and military posts accessible to individuals based on merit rather than birthright or wealth.
Abolition of Feudal Privileges
The abolition of feudalism was a landmark decision by the National Assembly. It signified the end of serfdom and the various rights and privileges that the nobility had held over the peasantry for centuries. The sale of justice and judicial offices was banned, which was a common practice under the old regime where positions could be bought and sold, leading to a corrupt and inequitable legal system. By opening up important positions to all, irrespective of social standing, the National Assembly laid the groundwork for a more egalitarian society.
Questions for UPSC
– How did the Enlightenment philosophies of thinkers like Adam Smith, Jeremy Bentham, and Jean-Jacques Rousseau influence the legislative reforms during the French Revolution?
– In what ways did the abolition of feudalism and the establishment of equal taxation reflect the principles of Liberty, Equality, and Fraternity?
– How did the opening up of civil, ecclesiastical, and military posts to all citizens contribute to the democratization of French society during the Revolution?