India upholds a significant position in the global livestock sector, providing livelihoods to two-thirds of the rural community and contributing approximately 4% to the country’s GDP. The sector faces challenges like resource scarcity, inadequate healthcare infrastructure, and climate change pressures amongst others. This article delves into the issues at hand and suggests ways forward.
Status of Livestock Sector in India
India’s livestock sector plays an essential role in the country’s economy, with dairy being the largest agricultural commodity. The country ranks first globally in milk production, contributing 23% to the world’s total output. According to the 20th Livestock Census, there are about 303.76 million bovines, 74.26 million sheep, 148.88 million goats, 9.06 million pigs, and approximately 851.81 million poultry in India. Moreover, India ranks third in egg production and eighth in meat production worldwide based on the 2020 FAO Corporate Statistical Database.
Constitutional Provisions Related to the Livestock Sector
India’s livestock sector operates under federal mandates that include, Article 48 and Article 51A (g). Article 48 directs the state to organize agriculture and animal husbandry on modern and scientific lines, while Article 51A (g) stipulates that every citizen is responsible for protecting and improving the natural environment, displaying compassion for all living creatures.
Challenges Faced by Livestock Sector in India
Despite its vastness and potential, India’s livestock sector faces numerous challenges ranging from resource scarcity to climatic pressures. The demand for animal feed surpasses supply, resulting in higher costs and compromised animal nutrition. Limited access to veterinary services hampers disease control, leading to frequent outbreaks. The sector also grapples with climate change and environmental pressures, affecting both feed and water availability. Finally, livestock breeding faces limitations related to access to quality breeding stock and genetic improvement programs.
Government Initiatives Related to Livestock Sector
The Indian government has introduced several initiatives to support the livestock sector, including the National Animal Disease Control Program, Animal Husbandry Infrastructure Development Fund, and National Livestock Mission. Additionally, the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act of 1960 was enacted, establishing the Animal Welfare Board of India in 1962.
Way Forward for Sustainable Livestock Sector
Innovations in livestock feed, such as the use of alternative and sustainable feed sources, are necessary to address resource scarcity. Promoting livestock waste-to-energy projects could provide a solution to waste management issues and generate renewable energy for rural communities. Strengthening genetic surveillance, particularly of viruses, is crucial for combatting disease outbreaks effectively. Lastly, recognizing the One Health Approach, which acknowledges the interconnectedness of people, animals, plants, and the environment, is vital for achieving health sustainability and managing zoonotic diseases.
Relevance in Civil Services Examination
Questions regarding the livestock sector have appeared in previous years’ UPSC Civil Services Examinations. In 2012, the primary characteristic of mixed farming was asked, and in 2015, a question centered on the potential of livestock rearing for non-farm employment and income in rural areas. As such, continuous monitoring and understanding of the sector remain crucial for aspiring civil servants.
