Ganga River Pollution Crisis in Bihar

The Ganga river in Bihar faces a severe pollution crisis. Recent reports indicate alarming levels of faecal coliform bacteria in the water, rendering it unsafe for bathing. The National Green Tribunal (NGT) is currently addressing this issue. It has expressed dissatisfaction with the ongoing situation. Over 68 per cent of sewage generated in Bihar flows untreated into the river. The NGT has mandated the National Mission for Clean Ganga (NMCG) to take decisive actions to mitigate this crisis.

Current State of Sewage Management

Bihar produces approximately 1,100 million litres of sewage daily. However, only 343 million litres are treated. This leaves around 750 million litres of untreated sewage entering the Ganga. The inefficiency of sewage treatment plants (STPs) is concern. Six out of eight STPs in Bihar are underperforming. This ineffective management exacerbates the pollution of the river.

Role of the National Mission for Clean Ganga

The NMCG is tasked with cleaning the Ganga across multiple states. Yet, it has been criticized for its lack of effective action. The NGT has pointed out that NMCG is primarily engaged in correspondence and meetings rather than taking substantial measures. The tribunal has reminded the NMCG of its extensive powers under the Ganga (Rejuvenation, Conservation and Management) Order 2016.

NGT Directives and Future Actions

The NGT has instructed the NMCG to formulate a concrete action plan for pollution control. This plan must be submitted by 18 March 2025. The tribunal has also included the Principal Secretary of the Bihar Department of Environment in the case. This inclusion aims to ensure accountability and prompt action regarding the pollution crisis.

Implications for Public Health and Environment

The high levels of faecal bacteria pose health risks to the local population. Bathing in contaminated water can lead to serious health issues. Furthermore, the ecological balance of the Ganga is at stake. The river is a vital resource for many communities. Its degradation affects both human and wildlife populations.

Government and Community Involvement

Effective collaboration between government bodies and local communities is essential. Public awareness campaigns can help inform residents about the dangers of pollution. Community involvement in clean-up efforts can also encourage a sense of responsibility. Sustainable practices must be encouraged to protect the Ganga for future generations.

Questions for UPSC:

1. Examine the role of the National Green Tribunal in environmental protection in India.
2. Critically discuss the challenges faced by the National Mission for Clean Ganga in implementing its objectives.
3. Estimate the impact of untreated sewage on river ecosystems and local communities.
4. Point out the significance of public participation in environmental conservation efforts.

Answer Hints:

1. Examine the role of the National Green Tribunal in environmental protection in India.

1. The NGT was established in 2010 to expedite environmental litigation and ensure timely justice.
2. It has the authority to hear cases related to environmental issues and enforce compliance with environmental laws.
3. NGT plays important role in monitoring and directing government agencies to fulfill their environmental responsibilities.
4. It promotes sustainable development through various directives and orders aimed at pollution control and conservation.
5. NGT’s decisions have led to changes in environmental policies and practices across India.

2. Critically discuss the challenges faced by the National Mission for Clean Ganga in implementing its objectives.

1. NMCG struggles with inadequate sewage treatment infrastructure, leading to a high volume of untreated sewage entering the river.
2. Coordination among various state and central agencies is often lacking, hindering effective implementation of projects.
3. Limited public awareness and community involvement in pollution control efforts reduce the effectiveness of initiatives.
4. Financial constraints and misallocation of funds affect the execution of planned projects.
5. The NMCG has been criticized for its bureaucratic approach and lack of proactive measures to address pollution.

3. Estimate the impact of untreated sewage on river ecosystems and local communities.

1. Untreated sewage introduces harmful pathogens and pollutants, disrupting aquatic ecosystems and biodiversity.
2. High levels of faecal bacteria pose serious health risks to local communities, leading to waterborne diseases.
3. Contaminated water affects livelihoods dependent on fishing and agriculture, threatening food security.
4. The degradation of the river’s health impacts cultural and religious practices associated with the Ganga.
5. Long-term pollution can lead to irreversible damage to the river ecosystem, affecting both flora and fauna.

4. Point out the significance of public participation in environmental conservation efforts.

1. Public participation encourages a sense of ownership and responsibility towards environmental issues among communities.
2. Informed communities can advocate for better policies and practices, enhancing government accountability.
3. Engagement in clean-up initiatives and awareness campaigns can lead to more effective local solutions to pollution.
4. Collaboration between government and citizens can result in innovative approaches to environmental conservation.
5. Active participation helps build a culture of sustainability, ensuring long-term protection of natural resources.