Gangetic Dolphins Survey

The Gangetic dolphin is an endangered species found primarily in the Ganga River basin. Recent assessments reveal an estimated population of 3,936 dolphins, with conservation efforts underway. The Wildlife Institute of India (WII) and the National Mission for Clean Ganga (NMCG) have been very important in these efforts. Their work aims to ensure the survival of this species through a comprehensive conservation strategy.

Population Assessment

The latest survey conducted by WII and NMCG identified 2,510 dolphin sightings across the Ganga River basin. This includes regions in Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Jharkhand, and West Bengal. The Ganga River holds the highest concentration of dolphins, with nearly half residing in its tributaries. The Ghaghara River follows closely in terms of dolphin population.

Project Dolphin

Project Dolphin is a long-term initiative launched in 2016, scheduled to conclude in March 2026. Its objective is to develop a conservation strategy for Gangetic dolphins. The project has undergone two phases, with the second phase starting in 2020. It involved an ecological assessment across 22 rivers in the basin, covering a distance of 7,680 km.

Conservation Priorities

A total of 2,850 km of river stretches have been identified as conservation priorities. These areas are crucial for the long-term survival of Gangetic dolphins and other aquatic species. The project also focuses on habitat restoration and community involvement in conservation efforts.

Legal Status and Recognition

The Gangetic dolphin is classified as endangered by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) and is listed in various international agreements. In 2009, the dolphin was declared the national aquatic animal of India. This recognition marks the importance of its conservation.

Community Involvement

The Namami Gange scheme has adopted a biodiversity conservation approach. It emphasises habitat restoration, species conservation, and community participation. Engaging local communities is essential for the success of conservation strategies.

Rescue and Rehabilitation Initiatives

In addition to dolphin conservation, efforts have been made to rescue and rehabilitate over 6,800 freshwater turtles and crocodiles. These initiatives reflect a broader commitment to preserving aquatic biodiversity in the Ganga River basin.

Future Directions

The ongoing research and conservation efforts are critical for the future of the Gangetic dolphin. Continued monitoring and habitat protection will be essential to ensure the survival of this unique species.

Questions for UPSC:

1. Discuss the significance of the Gangetic dolphin in the Ganga River ecosystem.
2. Critically examine the impact of pollution on the biodiversity of the Ganga River basin.
3. What are the main challenges faced in the conservation of endangered species in India? Provide examples.
4. Explain the role of local communities in biodiversity conservation efforts. How can they be effectively engaged?

Answer Hints:

1. Discuss the significance of the Gangetic dolphin in the Ganga River ecosystem.

1. Gangetic dolphins are apex predators, playing important role in maintaining the ecological balance of the Ganga River ecosystem.
2. They help regulate fish populations, which supports the overall health of aquatic habitats.
3. The presence of dolphins indicates a healthy ecosystem, as they are sensitive to water quality and environmental changes.
4. They contribute to local tourism, enhancing economic opportunities for communities along the river.
5. As an endangered species, their conservation raises awareness about broader environmental issues in the Ganga Basin.

2. Critically examine the impact of pollution on the biodiversity of the Ganga River basin.

1. Pollution from industrial waste and sewage deteriorates water quality, affecting aquatic life, including dolphins.
2. High levels of pollutants lead to habitat degradation, reducing the availability of food and safe breeding grounds.
3. Contaminated waters can cause diseases in aquatic species, leading to population declines.
4. Pollution disrupts the food web, affecting not just dolphins but also fish and other aquatic organisms.
5. Efforts to clean the river, like the Namami Gange scheme, aim to mitigate these impacts and restore biodiversity.

3. What are the main challenges faced in the conservation of endangered species in India? Provide examples.

1. Habitat loss due to urbanization, agriculture, and infrastructure development threatens many species, including the Gangetic dolphin.
2. Pollution and climate change exacerbate the decline of biodiversity, impacting ecosystems and species survival.
3. Insufficient funding and resources for conservation programs limit the effectiveness of initiatives like Project Dolphin.
4. Human-wildlife conflict arises as communities encroach on habitats, leading to negative interactions with endangered species.
5. Lack of awareness and community involvement can hinder conservation efforts, as seen in various regions across India.

4. Explain the role of local communities in biodiversity conservation efforts. How can they be effectively engaged?

1. Local communities are key stakeholders in conservation, as they directly interact with the ecosystems being protected.
2. Community involvement can lead to better compliance with conservation measures, as seen in successful projects across India.
3. Education and awareness programs can empower communities to understand the importance of biodiversity and its benefits.
4. Incentives, such as eco-tourism or sustainable fishing practices, can provide economic benefits while promoting conservation.
5. Collaborative decision-making ensures that local knowledge is integrated into conservation strategies, increasing their effectiveness.