The recent news of Germany returning 20 looted Benin Bronzes, originally from Nigeria, has made international headlines. In July 2022, Germany and Nigeria signed an agreement which stipulated that around 1,100 Benin Bronzes would be transferred back to their homeland. This move shines a spotlight on the topic of looted artifacts and the ongoing discussions surrounding their repatriation.
Understanding Benin Bronzes
Benin Bronzes are a collection of over 3,000 sculptures and artworks originating from the ancient Kingdom of Benin, located in present-day Nigeria. They were created as early as the 16th century. Their undeniable historical and artistic significance stems not only from their intrinsic craftsmanship but also from the insights they offer into the culture and the diplomatic relationships of the Benin Kingdom.
In a darker chapter of history, these precious pieces fell victim to colonial predation during the infamous 1897 British raid on Benin City. A significant number of these works were specially commissioned by the royalty including kings, or ‘Obas’, and Queen Mothers of the kingdom. They tell stories of the kingdom’s interactions with Europeans and neighboring states.
Other Looted Artifacts Countries Are Seeking
The faceoff between countries over looted artifacts is not a new phenomenon. Noteworthy examples include the Koh-i-Noor diamond and the Rosetta Stone, both of which attract considerable attention and controversy.
The Koh-i-Noor Diamond
The Koh-I-Noor diamond, now part of the British Crown Jewels, was originally extracted from a mine in what is today known as Andhra Pradesh, India. The diamond’s transition to British hands took place after the second Anglo-Sikh war, resulting in Punjab being annexed by the East India Company.
In the Treaty of Lahore signed in 1849 between Lord Dalhousie and Maharaja Duleep Singh, the diamond was surrendered to Queen Victoria. Today, the diamond remains a bone of contention between India and Britain, due to its controversial acquisition.
The Rosetta Stone
The Rosetta Stone is another significant artifact where ownership is disputed. Currently housed in the British Museum, this stone is a key piece of Egyptian history as it contains inscriptions that laid the foundation for the study of Egyptology.
The Rosetta Stone was discovered by Napoleon Bonaparte’s army in 1799 near the town of Rashid, also known as Rosetta. The stone came under British possession following their triumph over the French in 1801. Like the Koh-i-Noor, the debate over its rightful ownership continues.
The return of the Benin Bronzes by Germany reignites discussions about historical injustices and the ethical complexities surrounding looted artifacts. It prompts a deeper look into overlooked parts of history, raising questions about ownership, identity, and repatriation.