Global Maternal Mortality Trends and Challenges

The World Health Organization (WHO) presented alarming statistics regarding maternal mortality. An estimated 800 women die daily from preventable pregnancy-related causes. This situation reflects a stagnation in progress since the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) were adopted in 2015. The primary causes identified are haemorrhage and hypertensive disorders, which require urgent attention.

Maternal Mortality Statistics

In 2020, around 287,000 women died from maternal causes globally. This equates to one death every two minutes. The global maternal mortality ratio (MMR) was 223 deaths per 100,000 live births. The WHO’s report indicates that the world is not on track to meet the SDG target of reducing the MMR to below 70 by 2030.

Leading Causes of Maternal Deaths

Haemorrhage is the leading cause, accounting for 27% of maternal deaths. It typically occurs during or after childbirth. Hypertensive disorders, including pre-eclampsia, contribute to 16% of deaths. The prevalence of these causes varies by region. For instance, haemorrhage accounts for 29% of deaths in Western Asia and Northern Africa.

Regional Disparities

The rates of maternal mortality show regional disparities. Sub-Saharan Africa and Western Asia have the highest rates of haemorrhage-related deaths. In contrast, Australia and New Zealand report lower rates, with haemorrhage contributing to only 15% of maternal deaths. Latin America and the Caribbean experience higher rates of deaths from hypertensive disorders.

Postpartum Complications

Most maternal deaths occur in the postpartum period, which extends up to 42 days after childbirth. A total of 111 countries reported late maternal deaths occurring between 42 days and one year postpartum. This marks the critical need for improved postnatal care.

Need for Enhanced Maternity Care

The WHO emphasizes the necessity of strengthening maternity care services. Key areas include antenatal care to identify risks early and emergency interventions for complications like haemorrhage. Improved postnatal care is also essential to reduce mortality rates.

Global Initiatives and Roadmaps

In 2024, WHO and partners launched a global roadmap for postpartum haemorrhage. This initiative aims to address causes of maternal deaths. It was developed through consultations with over 130 experts from various fields. WHO continues to promote access to high-quality maternal health services.

Questions for UPSC:

1. Critically discuss the impact of maternal health on global development goals.
2. Examine the disparities in maternal mortality rates across different regions.
3. Analyse the effectiveness of current global initiatives aimed at reducing maternal deaths.
4. Estimate the role of antenatal and postnatal care in improving maternal health outcomes.

Answer Hints:

1. Critically discuss the impact of maternal health on global development goals.

1. Maternal health is directly linked to SDG 3, which aims to ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all.
2. High maternal mortality rates hinder progress towards achieving other SDGs, such as poverty reduction and gender equality.
3. Improving maternal health contributes to economic development by enhancing women’s participation in the workforce.
4. Maternal health impacts child health and survival, influencing overall community health and development.
5. Failure to address maternal health challenges can lead to increased healthcare costs and burden on health systems.

2. Examine the disparities in maternal mortality rates across different regions.

1. Sub-Saharan Africa and Western Asia have the highest rates of maternal mortality, particularly from haemorrhage.
2. In contrast, Australia and New Zealand show lower rates, with haemorrhage contributing to only 15% of deaths.
3. Latin America and the Caribbean experience higher mortality from hypertensive disorders compared to other regions.
4. Regional healthcare infrastructure, access to skilled birth attendants, and socioeconomic factors contribute to these disparities.
5. Addressing these disparities is crucial for global health equity and achieving SDG targets.

3. Analyse the effectiveness of current global initiatives aimed at reducing maternal deaths.

1. WHO’s global roadmap for postpartum haemorrhage aims to address a major cause of maternal deaths through targeted strategies.
2. Initiatives focus on improving access to quality antenatal and postnatal care, which is vital for reducing mortality rates.
3. Collaborations with over 130 experts enhance the credibility and effectiveness of these initiatives.
4. However, progress has stagnated since 2015, indicating a need for renewed commitment and resources.
5. Monitoring and evaluation of these initiatives are essential to measure their impact and adjust strategies accordingly.

4. Estimate the role of antenatal and postnatal care in improving maternal health outcomes.

1. Antenatal care is crucial for early identification of risks and complications, allowing for timely interventions.
2. Postnatal care reduces the risk of complications during the postpartum period, where many deaths occur.
3. Access to skilled healthcare providers during these stages improves maternal and infant health outcomes.
4. Education and support provided during antenatal and postnatal visits empower women to make informed health decisions.
5. Comprehensive care during these periods is associated with lower maternal mortality and improved overall health for mothers and children.