Global Risk Index for Mangroves and Biodiversity

Researchers from Switzerland and the United States revealed a groundbreaking risk index for mangroves. This index assesses the impact of climate change on mangrove ecosystems. It evaluates the risks posed by rising sea levels and increased frequency of tropical cyclones. Published in *Communications Earth & Environment*, the study provides a detailed analysis of how these climate threats could affect mangroves by 2100.

About Mangrove Ecosystems

Mangroves are coastal ecosystems found in tropical and subtropical regions. They provide critical services such as coastal protection, carbon storage, and habitat for marine life. These ecosystems are vital for both biodiversity and human livelihoods. Their health is crucial for maintaining ecological balance and supporting fisheries.

Climate Threats to Mangroves

The study identifies three Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSPs) that outline potential future scenarios. Under SSP2-4.5, SSP3-7.0, and SSP5-8.5, projections indicate risk to mangroves. Under the worst-case scenario, over 56% of mangroves could be at high or severe risk. This includes 34% of the most valuable mangroves, which provide essential ecosystem services.

Impact of Storms and Sea-Level Rise

Mangroves can adapt to minor storms and gradual sea-level changes. However, climate change intensifies these challenges. Strong storms can destroy mangrove trees, and peat collapse can occur, making it difficult for mangroves to keep pace with rising seas. This creates a feedback loop that threatens their survival.

Key Services at Risk

Mangroves offer three main services – coastal protection, carbon storage, and support for fisheries. Storm damage can compromise their ability to shield coastlines. When mangroves are destroyed, carbon stored in their biomass is released, exacerbating climate change. Additionally, the loss of mangroves can lead to decreased fish populations, affecting food security and livelihoods.

Global Risk Hotspots

The study marks regions most vulnerable to mangrove loss. The Caribbean and Central America face intensified storms. South and Southeast Asia contain large mangrove forests that are crucial for carbon storage. Eastern Africa is also at risk due to low-lying lands. The Philippines, with extensive mangrove areas, may encounter unprecedented storm patterns by 2100.

Socioeconomic Implications

Around 775 million people rely on coastal ecosystems. Mangroves contribute approximately $65 billion annually in flood protection. However, the potential losses from mangrove ecosystem collapse are not reflected in current climate damage assessments. Infrastructure in Central America and services in Southeast Africa are particularly threatened.

Recommendations for Conservation

Researchers recommend strategic approaches for mangrove conservation. Restoring mangroves in safer areas is crucial. Engineering solutions can help mangroves grow taller and withstand storms. Mixing species may enhance resilience. Climate risks must be integral to planning and funding for blue carbon initiatives.

Future Research Directions

Future studies should consider additional climate hazards like marine heatwaves and droughts. About ecosystem recovery is essential for effective conservation strategies.

Questions for UPSC:

1. Discuss the significance of mangroves in coastal ecosystems and their role in climate regulation.
2. Critically examine the impact of climate change on biodiversity and ecosystem services in vulnerable regions.
3. Explain the concept of Shared Socioeconomic Pathways and their relevance to climate risk assessments.
4. What are the key strategies for enhancing the resilience of coastal ecosystems? Discuss their importance in climate change adaptation.

Answer Hints:

1. Discuss the significance of mangroves in coastal ecosystems and their role in climate regulation.

1. Mangroves protect coastlines from storm surges and erosion, serving as natural barriers.
2. They store amounts of carbon, helping to mitigate climate change effects.
3. Mangroves provide critical habitats for diverse marine and terrestrial species, supporting biodiversity.
4. They enhance water quality by filtering pollutants and stabilizing sediments.
5. Mangroves support local economies by providing resources such as fish and timber.

2. Critically examine the impact of climate change on biodiversity and ecosystem services in vulnerable regions.

1. Climate change leads to rising sea levels, threatening low-lying mangrove habitats.
2. Increased storm frequency and intensity can destroy mangrove ecosystems and their services.
3. Loss of biodiversity occurs as species struggle to adapt to changing conditions.
4. Decreased ecosystem services, such as coastal protection and fishery support, negatively impact local communities.
5. Vulnerable regions like Southeast Asia and the Caribbean face compounded risks due to socio-economic factors.

3. Explain the concept of Shared Socioeconomic Pathways and their relevance to climate risk assessments.

1. Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSPs) are scenarios used to project future socio-economic trends and climate impacts.
2. They help assess vulnerabilities and adaptive capacities under different climate change scenarios.
3. SSPs guide policymakers in understanding potential risks and planning for climate resilience.
4. They incorporate factors like population growth, economic development, and technological advancements.
5. SSPs are crucial for modeling impacts on ecosystems and human systems in response to climate change.

4. What are the key strategies for enhancing the resilience of coastal ecosystems? Discuss their importance in climate change adaptation.

1. Restoring mangroves in safer areas to minimize risk from climate threats.
2. Using engineering solutions to enhance mangrove growth and stability against storms.
3. Mixing species to improve ecological resilience and adaptability to changing conditions.
4. Integrating climate risk assessments into conservation planning and funding for blue carbon projects.
5. Promoting community engagement and sustainable practices to support local livelihoods while conserving ecosystems.