India’s governance system in 2025 faces challenges despite official emphasis on good governance. Colonial-era administrative structures persist, limiting efficiency and accountability. Critical analysis of the system remains rare as criticism is often seen as personal attack rather than professional feedback. This hinders necessary reforms to improve governance quality.
Colonial Legacy and Administrative Inertia
India’s governance still relies on outdated colonial processes. These systems lack clear, definitive rules and depend heavily on individuals rather than strong institutions. This creates inconsistency and inefficiency, especially when risk-averse officers take charge. Frequent transfers worsen continuity, causing projects to stall once key personnel leave.
Need for Process-Driven Governance
Good governance requires clear, unambiguous rules and processes that operate independently of individuals. Systems must maintain institutional memory to avoid loss of knowledge and repeat mistakes. Currently, departments struggle to provide comprehensive records or reports, reflecting poor documentation and accountability.
Role of Digital Technology and Transparency
Digital tools and e-governance platforms offer potential for transparency and fairness. Automated processes reduce human bias and discretionary power. Digital records ensure traceability and accessibility in contract allotments, project approvals, and appointments. Removing discretionary quotas can reduce favouritism and opaque networks.
Specialisation in Civil Services
India’s vast population and complex economy demand specialised administrative cadres. A generalist approach is no longer viable. Introducing specialisations at the UPSC entry stage in fields like finance, urban development, IT, and power can build domain expertise. Science and technology must be integrated into civil services to promote interdisciplinary governance and innovation.
Independent Evaluation and Accountability
Performance appraisals and reviews must be conducted by impartial third parties. Self-certification or beneficiary feedback often lacks honesty and objectivity. Without rigorous evaluation, incentives for genuine performance remain weak, leading to inflated ratings but mediocre outcomes.
Institutionalising Reforms
Sustained reforms require institutionalised norms and frameworks. The Padma awards’ revamped nomination process shows how transparent and fair systems can work. Such models should be extended across governance to ensure equity and efficiency.
Questions for UPSC:
- Critically analyse the impact of colonial administrative legacies on modern Indian governance and suggest measures for reform with suitable examples.
- Explain the role of digital technology in enhancing transparency and accountability in public administration. How can India leverage this for better governance?
- What are the advantages and challenges of introducing specialisation in the Indian civil services through the UPSC examination system? Discuss with reference to governance needs.
- Underline the importance of independent performance evaluation in public sector management and how it affects governance outcomes. What are the limitations of self-assessment methods?
