Grizzled Giant Squirrel Population Study in Villupuram

The Villupuram Forest Division has initiated a population study of the grizzled giant squirrel in the Pakkamalai and Gangavaram hills. These hills are located near Gingee and are known for their rich biodiversity. The study aims to gather baseline data on this endangered species. It will assist in formulating a conservation strategy and support long-standing calls to designate the area as a wildlife sanctuary.

Background of the Grizzled Giant Squirrel

The grizzled giant squirrel is native to the Western Ghats in Southern India. Its habitat extends from Chinnar Wildlife Sanctuary in Kerala to Anamalai Tiger Reserve and Palani Hills in Tamil Nadu. This species is classified as near threatened due to habitat loss and poaching. It is protected under Schedule I of the Wildlife Protection Act, 1972, and Schedule II of CITES.

Objectives of the Population Study

The primary aim of the population study is to develop effective conservation measures. The Forest Department plans to collaborate with subject experts and volunteers. They will investigate the ecosystem of the grizzled giant squirrel and assess its population dynamics. About these factors will help identify threats to the species.

Biodiversity of Pakkamalai and Gangavaram

The Pakkamalai and Gangavaram hills are home to diverse flora and fauna. In addition to the grizzled giant squirrel, notable species include grey langurs, pangolins, and critically endangered golden geckos. The area supports a variety of tropical birds and has recorded over 3,000 individuals of amphibians and reptiles from 15 families and 56 species.

Historical Context and Conservation Efforts

The hills were first designated as a Reserve Forest in 1897. Since then, they have provided protection for local wildlife. The demand to declare these hills a wildlife sanctuary began in 2019. A proposal was submitted in 2022 to the government, advocating for the designation. Conservationists stress the importance of this area spanning over 7,000 hectares for preserving biodiversity.

Importance of Ecosystem Health

A healthy forest ecosystem is crucial for the survival of the grizzled giant squirrel. The population study aims to understand the squirrel’s distribution and identify environmental threats. This knowledge will inform conservation strategies to ensure the species thrives in its natural habitat.

Future Directions

The successful completion of the population study could lead to conservation actions. It may also elevate the status of the Pakkamalai and Gangavaram hills as a protected wildlife sanctuary. This recognition would enhance efforts to safeguard the unique biodiversity found in this region.

Questions for UPSC:

1. Critically analyse the impact of habitat loss on the grizzled giant squirrel population in the Western Ghats.
2. What are the conservation measures required for protecting endangered species like the grizzled giant squirrel? Explain with examples.
3. What is biodiversity? Discuss its significance in ecosystems such as the Pakkamalai and Gangavaram hills.
4. What are the challenges faced in declaring an area as a wildlife sanctuary? How can these challenges be addressed effectively?

Answer Hints:

1. Critically analyse the impact of habitat loss on the grizzled giant squirrel population in the Western Ghats.

1. Habitat loss due to deforestation and urbanization reduces nesting sites and food availability for the squirrels.
2. Fragmentation of forests leads to isolated populations, affecting genetic diversity and increasing vulnerability to extinction.
3. Poaching and human-wildlife conflict further exacerbate population decline.
4. Climate change impacts can alter habitat conditions, affecting food sources and breeding cycles.
5. Conservation efforts are necessary to restore habitats and connect fragmented areas to support population recovery.

2. What are the conservation measures required for protecting endangered species like the grizzled giant squirrel? Explain with examples.

1. Establishing protected areas, such as wildlife sanctuaries, to conserve critical habitats.
2. Conducting population studies to monitor species health and habitat use, as planned in the current study.
3. Implementing anti-poaching laws and increasing enforcement to protect against illegal hunting.
4. Community engagement and education programs to promote coexistence and reduce human-wildlife conflict.
5. Restoration of degraded habitats to enhance food sources and nesting opportunities for the species.

3. What is biodiversity? Discuss its significance in ecosystems such as the Pakkamalai and Gangavaram hills.

1. Biodiversity refers to the variety of life forms, including species diversity, genetic diversity, and ecosystem diversity.
2. High biodiversity contributes to ecosystem resilience, enabling recovery from disturbances and adaptation to changes.
3. It supports ecosystem services such as pollination, water purification, and climate regulation, essential for human survival.
4. The Pakkamalai and Gangavaram hills host diverse species, which contribute to ecological balance and richness of the area.
5. Conserving biodiversity is crucial for maintaining healthy ecosystems and ensuring sustainable resources for future generations.

4. What are the challenges faced in declaring an area as a wildlife sanctuary? How can these challenges be addressed effectively?

1. Competing land-use interests, such as agriculture and urban development, can hinder sanctuary designation.
2. Lack of political will or public support may delay or prevent the establishment of protected areas.
3. Insufficient funding and resources for management and enforcement can limit the effectiveness of sanctuaries.
4. Community resistance due to perceived restrictions on land use can lead to conflicts.
5. Engaging stakeholders through awareness programs and demonstrating the benefits of conservation can help mitigate these challenges.