Hesaraghatta Grassland Conservation Reserve

The Greater Hesaraghatta Grassland Conservation Reserve has been officially established in Karnataka. This move aims to protect a 5,678-acre grassland ecosystem near Bengaluru. The announcement brings relief to conservationists advocating for the preservation of green areas in the city. The grasslands are crucial for biodiversity and play a vital role in mitigating climate change.

Grassland Ecosystem

Hesaraghatta grasslands form a unique ecosystem that supports numerous endangered species. This area acts as a carbon sink, crucial for combating urban pollution. It is home to a variety of flora and fauna, including over 285 bird species, 13 amphibian species, and numerous insects. The grasslands also provide habitat for endangered mammals like leopards and jackals.

Role in Climate Change Mitigation

The grasslands contribute to climate change mitigation. They help absorb carbon dioxide and improve air quality. The ecosystem serves as a natural sponge, absorbing monsoon runoff and aiding groundwater recharge. This process benefits local farmers by improving water availability.

Legal Protection and Biodiversity

The grasslands are now protected under the Wildlife Protection Act of 1972. This legal framework ensures the conservation of endangered wildlife. A comprehensive survey identified various species that rely on this habitat, including the critically endangered lesser florican. The area also supports migratory birds from Europe and Central Asia.

Challenges in Conservation Efforts

The path to establishing the conservation reserve faced several challenges. Opposition arose from local politicians and developers interested in real estate. However, the commitment of government officials and citizens ultimately led to the successful notification of the reserve. This sets a precedent for future conservation efforts in urban areas.

Community and Research Benefits

The conservation of the Hesaraghatta grasslands benefits both local communities and researchers. It enhances water security for surrounding villages and offers a living laboratory for ecological studies. Researchers can explore larger climate issues while studying the unique biodiversity of the region.

Future Implications

The establishment of the conservation reserve marks step towards sustainable development in Bengaluru. It marks the need for preserving green spaces amid urban expansion. The grasslands will serve as essential areas for ecological balance and biodiversity conservation.

Questions for UPSC:

1. Critically analyse the impact of urbanisation on biodiversity in India.
2. Estimate the role of grasslands in supporting local agriculture and water security.
3. Point out the ecological significance of wetlands in urban areas.
4. What are the challenges faced in wildlife conservation in India? Discuss with suitable examples.

Answer Hints:

1. Critically analyse the impact of urbanisation on biodiversity in India.

1. Urbanisation leads to habitat destruction, reducing available space for flora and fauna.
2. Increased pollution from urban areas negatively affects air and water quality, impacting species survival.
3. Fragmentation of ecosystems occurs, isolating wildlife populations and disrupting migration patterns.
4. Urban sprawl often results in the introduction of invasive species that outcompete native species.
5. Regulatory frameworks are often inadequate to protect biodiversity amid rapid urban development.

2. Estimate the role of grasslands in supporting local agriculture and water security.

1. Grasslands enhance groundwater recharge, improving water availability for agricultural use.
2. They act as natural sponges, reducing runoff and preventing soil erosion during monsoon seasons.
3. Support diverse flora and fauna, contributing to pollination and pest control in agricultural systems.
4. Provide grazing land for livestock, supporting rural economies and food security.
5. Help maintain ecological balance, which is crucial for sustainable agricultural practices.

3. Point out the ecological significance of wetlands in urban areas.

1. Wetlands act as natural water filters, improving water quality by trapping pollutants and sediments.
2. They provide critical habitat for a diverse range of wildlife, including migratory birds and amphibians.
3. Wetlands help mitigate flooding by absorbing excess rainwater, reducing urban flood risks.
4. Support biodiversity and maintain ecosystem services that benefit urban populations, such as recreation and tourism.
5. Serve as carbon sinks, helping to combat climate change by sequestering carbon dioxide.

4. What are the challenges faced in wildlife conservation in India? Discuss with suitable examples.

1. Habitat loss due to urbanisation and agricultural expansion leads to decreased wildlife populations.
2. Human-wildlife conflict arises from encroachment into wildlife habitats, threatening both animals and humans.
3. Insufficient funding and resources for conservation programs hinder effective wildlife management.
4. Corruption and lack of political will can impede the enforcement of wildlife protection laws.
5. Examples include the decline of tigers due to poaching and habitat loss, and the plight of the Asiatic lion confined to a small area in Gujarat.