Recent research has revealed alarming levels of lead in turmeric sold across India, Nepal, and Pakistan. The study, published in Science of The Total Environment, indicates that many samples exceed the regulatory limit . This poses serious health risks, particularly for children.
Lead Contamination in Turmeric
Turmeric samples from major cities in India and Pakistan showed lead levels surpassing 1,000 microgram/gram (μg/g). The Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI) sets the maximum permissible lead level in turmeric at 10 μg/g. However, samples from Patna and Guwahati recorded lead levels as high as 2,274 μg/g and 127 μg/g, respectively.
Health Risks of Lead Exposure
Lead is a toxic heavy metal. It disrupts metabolic processes and mimics calcium in the body. Children are particularly vulnerable. Even low levels of lead can impair cognitive functions. The study marks that a blood lead level of 10 µg/L can result in a loss of one IQ point in children. Globally, millions of children are affected by elevated blood lead levels, leading to serious health issues.
Sources of Contamination
The study identifies lead chromate as the primary contaminant in turmeric. This yellow pigment is commonly used in various industries, including paints and plastics. It has been linked to lead poisoning in other countries. The research suggests that polished turmeric roots and loose powders are more likely to be contaminated than packaged products.
Regulatory Oversight and Testing
FSSAI regulations mandate that turmeric should be free from lead chromate and other harmful substances. However, enforcement of these regulations appears inadequate. Loose, unregulated spices often show higher contamination levels compared to packaged turmeric. National food safety authorities are responsible for lead testing but may lack the resources or systems to effectively monitor all turmeric products.
Need for Further Investigation
The study calls for a deeper investigation into the turmeric supply chain in the affected regions. About how lead chromate enters the supply chain is crucial. Identifying the incentives that drive the adulteration of turmeric is equally important. Previous studies in Bangladesh have shown similar practices that date back decades.
Questions for UPSC:
- Critically analyse the impact of heavy metal contamination on public health, with examples from recent studies.
- Estimate the socio-economic implications of lead poisoning in children in South Asian countries.
- Point out the regulatory challenges faced by food safety authorities in monitoring contaminants in spices.
- What are the health effects of heavy metals on cognitive development? Discuss with suitable examples.
