HPAI Virus Outbreak Affects Wildlife in India

In January 2025, three tigers and a leopard died from Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) H5N1 at the Balasaheb Thackeray Gorewada International Zoological Park in Nagpur. This incident marks the first recorded mortality of captive wildlife due to H5N1 in India. The animals were rescued from the wild in December 2024, following human-animal conflict incidents in Chandrapur. The outbreak has raised alarms, prompting a red alert for zoos across Maharashtra.

About HPAI H5N1 Virus

HPAI H5N1 is a highly contagious virus primarily affecting birds. It can spill over into mammals and has been reported in over 500 species globally. The strain has been linked to fatalities in wildlife and livestock and poses a potential risk to human health. The virus has spread to 108 countries, reaching diverse ecosystems, including polar regions.

Impact on Wildlife

The deaths of the tigers and leopard highlight the vulnerability of wildlife to H5N1. The infected animals were tested at the ICAR-National Institute of High Security Animal Diseases in Bhopal. The findings confirmed the presence of the virus in three tigers and two leopards, raising concerns about the potential for further outbreaks in other wildlife.

Preventive Measures and Response

Following the outbreak, authorities in Maharashtra implemented strict biosecurity measures. These include suspending all animal transfers, isolating infected animals, and increasing hygiene protocols. The Wildlife Research and Training Centre (WRTC) issued guidelines for zoos and rescue centres to prevent the spread of the virus. Measures include restricting bird access to other animals, disinfecting equipment, and careful monitoring of animal health.

One Health Approach

The incident has telld the need for a One Health approach. This strategy integrates efforts across human health, animal health, and environmental sectors. The aim is to address the interconnected risks posed by zoonotic diseases like H5N1. Collaborative efforts are essential to mitigate the risks to both animal and human populations.

Global Context

The H5N1 virus has been a global concern for years. Its ability to infect various species, including humans, necessitates ongoing surveillance and research. Countries are urged to strengthen biosecurity measures in animal husbandry and wildlife management to prevent future outbreaks.

Future Implications

The mortality of these animals may have long-term implications for wildlife conservation in India. It raises awareness about the risks of zoonotic diseases and the importance of protecting both wildlife and human health. Continued vigilance and proactive measures are essential to safeguard against similar incidents.

Questions for UPSC:

1. Examine the impact of the Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza on global wildlife populations.
2. Critically discuss the One Health approach and its relevance in managing zoonotic diseases.
3. Estimate the potential consequences of wildlife mortality due to HPAI H5N1 on biodiversity conservation efforts.
4. Point out the role of biosecurity measures in preventing the spread of zoonotic diseases in animal populations.

Answer Hints:

1. Examine the impact of the Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza on global wildlife populations.

1. HPAI H5N1 has infected over 500 species globally, indicating widespread vulnerability.
2. The virus has been reported in at least 70 mammalian species, raising concerns about mammal health.
3. Infected wildlife can act as reservoirs, facilitating further spread to domestic animals and humans.
4. Mortality events in wildlife can disrupt ecosystems and affect predator-prey dynamics.
5. Global surveillance and monitoring are essential to assess the ongoing impact on wildlife populations.

2. Critically discuss the One Health approach and its relevance in managing zoonotic diseases.

1. The One Health approach integrates human, animal, and environmental health to address zoonotic threats.
2. It promotes collaboration among different sectors, enhancing response strategies to outbreaks.
3. This holistic view is crucial for understanding transmission pathways and mitigating risks.
4. Implementing One Health can lead to better resource allocation and coordinated public health responses.
5. The approach emphasizes the importance of preventive measures in both wildlife and domestic settings.

3. Estimate the potential consequences of wildlife mortality due to HPAI H5N1 on biodiversity conservation efforts.

1. Wildlife mortality can lead to population declines, affecting species diversity and ecosystem balance.
2. Loss of key species may disrupt food webs and ecological functions, leading to further biodiversity loss.
3. Conservation efforts may be hindered due to increased focus on disease management over habitat protection.
4. Public awareness and funding for conservation may be diverted to address immediate health crises.
5. Long-term impacts could include changes in species distributions and altered conservation priorities.

4. Point out the role of biosecurity measures in preventing the spread of zoonotic diseases in animal populations.

1. Biosecurity measures limit animal exposure to pathogens, reducing transmission risks.
2. Implementing hygiene protocols, such as disinfection of equipment, is vital for disease control.
3. Restricting access of wild birds to domestic animals helps prevent spillover events.
4. Regular health monitoring of animals aids in early detection of potential outbreaks.
5. Effective biosecurity can protect both wildlife and livestock, ensuring ecosystem health and stability.