The world of genomics and gene sequencing is a fascinating one, continuously expanding with new research findings. Most recently, researchers at the Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Bhopal have made significant strides in the field by successfully carrying out Whole Genome Sequencing of two Ficus species: banyan (Ficus benghalensis) and peepal (Ficus religiosa) based on leaf tissue samples.
Unraveling the Genomic Mysteries of Banyan and Peepal
Researchers identified 17 genes in the banyan and 19 genes in the peepal that bear multiple signs of adaptive evolution (MSA), crucial for the long-term survival of these species. This information broadens our understanding of the genomic complexity and capacity for adaptation present in these species, adding to the growing knowledge of plant genomics.
A Glimpse Into Whole Genome Sequencing
Every organism has a unique genetic code, or genome, consisting of nucleotide bases – Adenine (A), Thymine (T), Cytosine (C), and Guanine (G). The unique deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) pattern can be identified by knowing the sequence of the bases. This ordering of bases is what we commonly refer to as sequencing. Whole Genome Sequencing is a comprehensive laboratory procedure that determines this sequence in the genome of an organism in one go.
The Methodology of Genome Sequencing
Whole Genome Sequencing comprises different stages. First, scientists use molecular scissors to shear DNA into manageable pieces for the sequencing machine. To identify each sheared DNA piece’s origin, scientists add small DNA tags or barcodes, similar to product identifiers in grocery stores.
Next, barcoded DNA from multiple bacteria is combined and introduced into a DNA sequencer, which identifies the individual bases. The sequencer uses the barcode to track the origins of each base sequence. Lastly, scientists use computer analysis tools to compare sequences and identify differences between bacteria, providing information about relatedness and outbreak likelihood.
The Significance and Benefits of Whole Genome Sequencing
Whole Genome Sequencing provides a high-resolution view of the genome and identifies both large and small variants that targeted approaches might overlook. It is particularly useful in identifying inherited disorders, tracking disease outbreaks, and characterizing mutations driving cancer progression. It can also guide further follow-up studies on gene expression and regulation mechanisms based on potential causative variants identified.
An Insight into the Genome
A genome refers to all the genetic material in an organism. Most of the human genome is the same in all people, but minor parts of DNA differ from one individual to another. Each genome contains all information necessary to build and maintain that organism. In humans, a copy of the entire genome contains over 3 billion DNA base pairs.
Distinguishing Between Genome and Gene
The terminology often used in genomics can be confusing. For instance, there can be some confusion between the terms genome and gene. In simple terms, a genome refers to the complete set of genes or genetic material present in a cell or organism, while a gene is a distinct segment of DNA responsible for specific traits or functions.
The Role of Genome Sequencing in Agriculture
In agriculture, genome sequencing can prove to be immensely beneficial. It can help identify disease resistance and drought tolerance in various crop plants, reducing the time required to develop new crop varieties. It also aids in understanding host-pathogen relationships, crucial for disease management in crops. For instance, Chinese scientists decoded rice genome in 2002, leading to the development of better rice varieties contributing significantly to India’s rice export today.
The Application of DNA Barcoding
DNA Barcoding is a novel technique that identifies biological specimens using short DNA sequences. It can distinguish between species that look alike and identify undesirable animal or plant materials in processed foods, contributing to informed decision-making in various fields, from preserving natural resources to controlling agricultural pests and monitoring water quality.
The progress in genome sequencing and genomics has vast potential for societal benefits. Whether it is developing drought-resistant crop varieties or identifying disease vectors more accurately, the applications are far-reaching. Such advancements in biotechnology have a significant potential to improve livelihoods, especially for those in poorer sections of society, by offering solutions for food security, health, and environmental sustainability.
