The recently conducted study by the Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Delhi, has garnered considerable attention due to its intriguing findings. This research attempted to correlate the occurrence of anaemia in children under five years old in India with their ambient exposure to PM2.5.
Understanding PM2.5 and Its Sources
PM2.5, or particles less than 2.5 micrometres in diameter (over 100 times thinner than a human hair), can stay suspended in the air for extended periods. These particles are primarily formed through the combustion of fuel and various atmospheric chemical reactions. Natural happenings like forest fires also contribute significantly to the levels of PM2.5. These are the same particles that result in the formation of smog.
Key Findings of the IIT Delhi Study
The study revealed that prolonged exposure to PM2.5 could lead to anaemia in children under five years of age. Approximately 63% of the children included in this study were found to be anaemic. The children more likely to be at risk included younger kids, those from low-wealth backgrounds, and children born to anaemic women. Moreover, higher levels of PM2.5 exposure were found to decrease average haemoglobin levels in children.
Significance of the Study
This investigation is of great importance, as traditionally, anaemia has been considered a result of nutritional deficiencies, especially iron. However, the research demonstrated that air pollution exposure, particularly to PM 2.5, could result in systemic inflammation. Chronic inflammation can negatively affect tissues and organs over time.
The Current Anaemia Situation in India
According to the India National Family and Health Survey 2015–2016 (NFHS-4), 53.1% of women aged 15–49 years and 58.5% of children under five were anaemic. A ‘Lancet Global Health report’ further disclosed that 23% of Indian men suffer from anaemia.
Understanding Anaemia as Defined by WHO
The World Health Organization (WHO) classifies anaemia as a condition where the red blood cells or their oxygen-carrying capacity is insufficient to meet physiological needs. It is majorly caused by iron deficiency, yet other conditions such as vitamin A, B12 and folate deficiencies, chronic inflammation, parasitic infections, and inherited disorders can also cause it. Pregnant women and children are particularly vulnerable to anaemia.
Indian Government’s Measures Against Anaemia
In 2018, India launched Anaemia Mukt Bharat (AMB) as part of the Intensified National Iron Plus Initiative (NIPI) to accelerate the yearly decline rate of anaemia. The Weekly Iron and Folic Acid Supplementation (WIFS) Programme was also initiated by the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare. Other programmes include the Integrated Child Development Scheme (ICDS) and the National Nutritional Anemia Control Program (NNACP).
Further Steps to Reduce Anaemia Rates
An important step moving forward would be to control PM2.5 levels, especially in urban areas. There is also an urgent need for a holistic health strategy to effectively address anaemia, along with efforts to bridge the gap between policy and practice. In addition to maternal influences, the overall household environment and paternal influence need consideration for a more comprehensive policy framework for intervention at the household level.
